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GRE® Psychology Social: Various Topics Part 7
This deck covers key concepts in social psychology, including empathy, theories of motivation, cultural differences, and evolutionary psychology. It provides a comprehensive overview of important psychological theories and principles.
What allows us to feel the emotions of others?
empathy
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What allows us to feel the emotions of others?
empathy
What was Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis?
He believed that when we see someone else suffering, we will experience an empathic response and be more likely to help, even if helping the other per...
What does Bandura's social learning theory suggest about aggression?
We learn aggression by observing it directly (modeling) or reinforcement, which they believe will grant them a reward of some kind. This research was ...
When someone stands in your 'personal bubble,' you tend to move away. What is the name for the study of personal space?
proxemics
What is the primary focus of drive-reduction theory?
Reducing physiological needs and maintaining homeostasis. Drive-reduction theory, proposed by Clark Hull, suggests that physiological needs create a s...
True or False: Incentive theory emphasizes the role of internal states over external stimuli in motivation.
False Incentive theory focuses on external stimuli, suggesting that people are motivated by a desire for rewards or incentives, rather than by interna...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What allows us to feel the emotions of others? | empathy |
What was Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis? | He believed that when we see someone else suffering, we will experience an empathic response and be more likely to help, even if helping the other person is for selfish reasons (like relieving one's own distress). |
What does Bandura's social learning theory suggest about aggression? | We learn aggression by observing it directly (modeling) or reinforcement, which they believe will grant them a reward of some kind. This research was done in the famous 'Bobo doll' study. |
When someone stands in your 'personal bubble,' you tend to move away. What is the name for the study of personal space? | proxemics |
What is the primary focus of drive-reduction theory? | Reducing physiological needs and maintaining homeostasis. Drive-reduction theory, proposed by Clark Hull, suggests that physiological needs create a state of tension (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and reduce the tension. |
True or False: Incentive theory emphasizes the role of internal states over external stimuli in motivation. | False Incentive theory focuses on external stimuli, suggesting that people are motivated by a desire for rewards or incentives, rather than by internal states or needs. |
List the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs in order from basic to advanced. | 1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Love/Belonging 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization; Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid, with basic needs at the bottom and higher-order needs at the top. According to Maslow, individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before addressing higher-level growth needs. |
Fill in the blank: Self-determination theory emphasizes the importance of ______ in motivation. | autonomy; Self-determination theory, developed by Deci and Ryan, posits that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate and universal psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. |
What do expectancy-value models predict about behavior? | Behavior is determined by the expected outcome and the value of that outcome. Expectancy-value models suggest that motivation is based on the expectation of success (expectancy) and the subjective value of succeeding. Individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors they believe will lead to valued outcomes. |
Define: approach-avoidance motivation | A conflict between a desire to approach a positive outcome and avoid a negative one. Approach-avoidance motivation involves situations where a single goal or event has both attractive and unattractive elements, leading to ambivalence about pursuing or avoiding the goal. |
What is the primary focus of individualistic cultures? | Emphasis on personal achievements and individual rights. Individualistic cultures prioritize personal goals over group goals, valuing independence and self-reliance. |
Define: high-context culture | A culture in which communication relies heavily on implicit messages and context. In high-context cultures, much of the communication is understood through non-verbal cues, shared experiences, and societal norms rather than explicit words. |
True or False: Gender role socialization is solely influenced by biological factors. | False Gender role socialization is shaped by a combination of biological, social, and cultural influences, including family, media, and education. |
What does gender schema theory propose? | It suggests that individuals form a cognitive framework based on gender-related information. Gender schema theory posits that people organize information into gender categories, influencing how they perceive themselves and others. |
Name two factors contributing to cross-cultural differences in conformity. | Cultural norms and values; Social structures and institutions; Conformity levels vary due to cultural emphasis on group harmony, social hierarchy, and the importance placed on collectivism versus individualism. |
Fill in the blank: In low-context cultures, communication is more ______. | explicit; Low-context cultures rely on direct communication, where the message is conveyed primarily through words, and less on non-verbal cues or shared context. |
What is the principle of kin selection in evolutionary psychology? | The principle that organisms are more likely to help relatives, thus ensuring the survival of shared genes. Kin selection is a type of natural selection that favors altruistic behavior towards close relatives, enhancing reproductive success and genetic propagation. |
Define: inclusive fitness | Inclusive fitness is the sum of an individual's own reproductive success and its impact on the reproduction of relatives. This concept extends the traditional notion of fitness by considering an individual's genetic success through both direct and indirect means. |
Describe: reciprocal altruism | A behavior where an organism acts in a way that is temporarily disadvantageous, but benefits another with the expectation of a future return. Reciprocal altruism is crucial for the evolution of cooperation and is often observed in social animals, including humans. |
True or False: According to parental investment theory, males generally invest more in offspring than females. | False Parental investment theory suggests that females often invest more in offspring due to the higher reproductive costs they incur, such as gestation and nurturing. |
What are the two main components of sexual selection? | Intrasexual selection; Intersexual selection; Intrasexual selection involves competition among the same sex for mates, while intersexual selection involves one sex (usually females) choosing mates based on certain traits. |
How do evolutionary explanations account for aggression? | Aggression can be an adaptive strategy for resource acquisition, mate protection, and status improvement. Evolutionary psychology suggests aggression has been selected for as it can enhance survival and reproductive success under certain conditions. |