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GRE® Psychology Cognitive: Learning Part 4
This deck covers key concepts in cognitive psychology related to learning, including biological factors, conditioning, drives, motivation theories, and learning types.
What is the evidence of biological factors of learning?
Rats raised in enriched environments had thicker cortices, higher brain weight, and greater neural connectivity than rats raised in deprived environments.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the evidence of biological factors of learning?
Rats raised in enriched environments had thicker cortices, higher brain weight, and greater neural connectivity than rats raised in deprived enviro...
What is long-term potentiation?
Physiological change that correlates with a stable change in behavior due to experience Neurons that fire together, wire together. Studied by Donald H...
What psychological school was founded by John Watson?
The school of behaviorism Watson believed we learn through conditioning of stimulus-response chains.
What is another term for 'classical conditioning'?
Pavlovian conditioning
What does backward conditioning cause?
Inhibitory conditioning; Inhibitory conditioning prevents forward conditioning.
What is an alternate term for 'shaping'?
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the evidence of biological factors of learning? | Rats raised in enriched environments had thicker cortices, higher brain weight, and greater neural connectivity than rats raised in deprived environments. |
What is long-term potentiation? | Physiological change that correlates with a stable change in behavior due to experience Neurons that fire together, wire together. Studied by Donald Hebb and Eric Kandel. |
What psychological school was founded by John Watson? | The school of behaviorism Watson believed we learn through conditioning of stimulus-response chains. |
What is another term for 'classical conditioning'? | Pavlovian conditioning |
What does backward conditioning cause? | Inhibitory conditioning; Inhibitory conditioning prevents forward conditioning. |
What is an alternate term for 'shaping'? | Differential reinforcement of successive approximations. |
What are some primary drives for learning? | Also known as instinctual drives, primary drives include basic functions like hunger and thirst. |
What are some secondary drives for learning? | Secondary drives, or acquired drives may include fame, money, or other motivators that are not instinctual. |
What is an exploratory drive? | It is neither a primary nor secondary drive, and appears to be motivated simply by the desire to do or learn something novel. |
Fritz Heider, Charles Osgood, Percy Tannenbaum, and Leon Festinger believe that humans' thoughts and behaviors are motivated by what? | The desire for homeostasis. However, homeostasis-related theories, as well as drive-reduction theories, are criticized because people often do destructive things and seek stimulation, which do not provide balance. |
What does Hull's belief that performance = drive x habit mean? | People will have a drive for something, then use previous behaviors that have accomplished that goal to inform their future actions, or performance. |
Explain Edward Tolman's expectancy-value theory. | performance = expectation x value Combining the importance, or value of a goal, and the likelihood of actually getting it, or expectation, will inform future performance. |
What did Henry Murray and David McLelland believe motivated people's behavior? | They believed people wanted to feel like they were successful, so they would modify their behaviors to either achieve success or avoid failure. this is known as the need for achievement. |
According to John Atkinson, do we desire success more or fear failure more? | desire success |
What was Neil Miller's approach-avoidance conflict? | It is the conflict one feels when a particular goal has both positive and negative valence, like going on a beach vacation (positive valence) when one's is afraid to fly (negative valence). |
Fill in the blanks: Hedonism is the belief that behaviors are motivated by the desire to feel _________ and avoid _________. | pleasure; pain |
Fill in the blank: Hebb suggested that a moderate amount of _________ is required for motivation and performance. | arousal; Too much or too little arousal will prevent optimal performance on a task. This is known as the Yerkes-Dodson effect. |
Stopping at red lights is an example of what type of learning? | Response learning |
What is the opposite of incidental learning? | Intentional learning; Incidental learning happens accidentally, not on purpose. |
Decreased response to a familiar stimulus is called what? | habituation |
Experiments in which an animal presses a bar to get a reward are examples of what? | autoshaping; The animal is changing its own behavior by responding to the reward. |
What is the term for one strong stimulus preventing conditioning to a weaker stimulus? | overshadowing |
What is the opposite of habituation? | sensitization; Instead of decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus, one becomes more sensitive to a stimulus after repeated exposure. |
How did M.E. Olds help provide evidence against drive-reduction theory? | He used electrical stimulation of the brain's pleasure centers as a form of positive reinforcement, and showed that animals would alter their behavior to receive the stimulation. |
Is it easier to learn continuous motor tasks or discrete motor tasks? | continuous tasks; When, like riding a bicycle, one motor task flows into the next, it is easier to learn than a series of individual motor tasks. |