Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /GRE® Psychology Developmental: Various Topics Part 7
GRE® Psychology Developmental: Various Topics Part 7
This flashcard deck covers essential concepts from developmental psychology, including theories of intelligence, emotional regulation, conditioning, and ethical considerations in research.
What does an increase in looking time during a preferential-looking task suggest about an infant's perception?
Recognition of a novel or more complex stimulus. Longer looking times indicate that infants find a stimulus new or more interesting, which is used to assess their cognitive and perceptual processing abilities.
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Term
Definition
What does an increase in looking time during a preferential-looking task suggest about an infant's perception?
Recognition of a novel or more complex stimulus. Longer looking times indicate that infants find a stimulus new or more interesting, which is used ...
What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves learning through association, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences. Classical conditionin...
True or False: Bandura's observational learning requires a direct reinforcement for the learner.
False Bandura's observational learning, or social learning theory, emphasizes that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, without direct ...
List the three components of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
Analytical intelligence; Creative intelligence; Practical intelligence; Sternberg's Triarchic Theory proposes that intelligence is broader than tradit...
Fill in the blank: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that intelligence is not a single ability but a range of skills and abilities that includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, and ______ intelligence.
spatial Howard Gardner's theory identifies multiple intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, i...
What is vicarious reinforcement, according to Bandura?
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person. Vicarious reinforcement is a key concept in Bandura's social lear...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What does an increase in looking time during a preferential-looking task suggest about an infant's perception? | Recognition of a novel or more complex stimulus. Longer looking times indicate that infants find a stimulus new or more interesting, which is used to assess their cognitive and perceptual processing abilities. |
What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning? | Classical conditioning involves learning through association, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences. Classical conditioning, as demonstrated by Pavlov, pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Operant conditioning, introduced by B.F. Skinner, uses reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior. |
True or False: Bandura's observational learning requires a direct reinforcement for the learner. | False Bandura's observational learning, or social learning theory, emphasizes that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, without direct reinforcement or punishment. |
List the three components of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. | Analytical intelligence; Creative intelligence; Practical intelligence; Sternberg's Triarchic Theory proposes that intelligence is broader than traditional IQ tests. Analytical intelligence involves problem-solving abilities, creative intelligence relates to dealing with novel situations, and practical intelligence is about adapting to the environment. |
Fill in the blank: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that intelligence is not a single ability but a range of skills and abilities that includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, and ______ intelligence. | spatial Howard Gardner's theory identifies multiple intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic, which suggest a diverse range of human capabilities. |
What is vicarious reinforcement, according to Bandura? | Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person. Vicarious reinforcement is a key concept in Bandura's social learning theory, illustrating how individuals can learn behaviors by observing the consequences of others' actions, rather than experiencing them directly. |
Name one key principle of operant conditioning related to behavior increase. | Positive reinforcement; Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. |
What are the six basic emotional expressions universally recognized across cultures? | 1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Fear 4. Disgust 5. Anger 6. Surprise These basic emotional expressions are considered universal due to their consistent recognition across different cultures, supporting the idea of innate emotional responses. |
At what age do infants typically begin to exhibit social referencing? | Around 8-10 months Social referencing involves infants looking to caregivers to gauge how to react in uncertain situations, indicating early emotional and social development. |
True or False: Emotional regulation is only important during childhood. | False Emotional regulation is crucial throughout the lifespan, affecting mental health, social relationships, and overall well-being. |
Fill in the blanks: Emotional regulation involves both ______ and ______ strategies. | intrinsic; extrinsic Intrinsic strategies include self-soothing, while extrinsic strategies involve seeking comfort from others, both playing roles in managing emotions. |
What strategy involves altering one's thoughts to change emotional impact? | cognitive reappraisal; Cognitive reappraisal is an emotional regulation strategy that changes how one perceives a situation to modify its emotional impact. |
Name a physiological process associated with emotional regulation. | heart rate variability; Heart rate variability is linked to the autonomic nervous system and reflects the body's ability to regulate emotions effectively. |
Which emotional regulation strategy involves suppressing emotional expression? | expressive suppression; Expressive suppression, while sometimes useful, can lead to increased physiological stress and decreased well-being over time. |
What role does social referencing play in emotional development? | Guides behavior in ambiguous situations; Builds trust in caregivers; Enhances understanding of social norms; Social referencing is a crucial developmental milestone that helps infants learn appropriate responses and build social cognition. |
What are Freud's psychosexual stages in order? | Oral; Anal; Phallic; Latency; Genital; Freud's theory suggests that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. |
What is the focus of the phallic stage in Freud's psychosexual development? | The focus is on the genitals, and children begin to identify with same-sex parents. The phallic stage occurs between ages 3 and 6 and includes the Oedipus and Electra complexes, where children feel desire for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy towards the same-sex parent. |
Name and define one of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems. | Microsystem: The immediate environment in which a person directly interacts, such as family, school, and peers. Bronfenbrenner's model emphasizes the importance of studying children in multiple environments, known as ecological systems, to understand their development. |
True or False: Longitudinal studies are more prone to cohort effects than cross-sectional studies. | False Cross-sectional studies, which analyze data from a population at a specific point in time, are more susceptible to cohort effects, as they may reflect differences due to historical or cultural factors rather than developmental changes. |
What is cultural fair testing in psychology? | It's the design of tests that minimize cultural bias and are equally fair to individuals from diverse backgrounds. Culturally fair tests aim to measure intelligence or abilities without favoring any particular cultural or socioeconomic group, often by avoiding language or content unfamiliar to some test-takers. |
List one key ethical consideration in psychological research. | Informed consent; Informed consent is crucial in psychological research to ensure that participants are fully aware of the nature of the study, any potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time, thereby protecting their autonomy and well-being. |