GRE® Psychology Measurement, Methodology and Other: History Part 1
This deck contains 20 flashcards covering the history of psychology, dualism, monism, structuralism, functionalism, and key figures in psychology.
Define: Psychology
Key Terms
Define dualism as it relates to psychology.
It is the false idea that the mind and brain are separate entities that interact; in reality, they are the same entity, understood at different lev...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Define: Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
Define behavior as it relates to psychology. | Observable actions or responses of an individual to stimuli. |
Fill in the blank: __________ __________ are defined as internal experiences, including feelings and thoughts. | Mental processes |
Why is Psychology a scientific study? | • It uses an empirical data to test hypotheses. • It describes, predicts, and explains behavior and mental processes. • It applies a systematic collection and interpretation of data. |
Fill in the blanks: An example of the nature vs. nurture controversy is whether intelligence derives from __________ or is __________. | experience; inherited |
Define dualism as it relates to psychology. | It is the false idea that the mind and brain are separate entities that interact; in reality, they are the same entity, understood at different levels. This idea of dualism usually is associated with Rene Descartes. |
What is monism? | The belief that, ultimately, the mind and the brain are the same thing. There are various types of monism based on philosophers’ different points of view. They all agree on oneness, but they differ in what they target and how they count. |
Plato and Descartes, believers in dualism, are on the side of __________ in the nature vs. nurture controversy. | nature Descartes believed knowledge was innate and the pineal gland was the principal seat of the soul and the place in which all our thoughts are formed. |
Aristotle, Hobbes, and Locke (believers in monism), are on the side of __________ in the nature vs. nurture controversy. | nurture Locke’s “tabula rasa” translates to “blank slate” suggesting that knowledge is learned through experience. |
Psychology grew out of which discipline(s) in Ancient Greece? | • Philosophy • Physiology • Biology |
Who is credited with the foundation of scientific psychology? | Wilhelm Wundt, who performed the earliest studies in 1879 in Germany, is considered the father of the discipline of psychology. He created the first lab dedicated to psychological research, and wanted to measure consciousness. |
What was the first textbook in psychology? | Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874, which made the case that psychology is a unique subject matter that is worthy of study. It defined psychology as the study of consciousness. |
Fill in the blank: __________ examines the structure of the mind and basic elements of consciousness. Proponents of this system felt that consciousness should be the data of psychology and the best way to research was by using individuals who were trained in introspection. | Structuralism |
Define introspection | It is the process whereby observers look inward and objectively analyze their sensory experience. |
Fill in the blank: __________ was the first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology. | Margaret Floy Washburn |
Define functionalism as it relates to psychology. | The school of thought that was a reaction to structuralism. It studies how the mind adapts to its environment. It was interested in individual differences, whereas structuralism was interested in groups of people. |
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins? | The first female president of the American Psychological Association. (APA) |
Name three of the earliest functionalists. | 1. William James 2. James Cattell 3. John Dewey |
What theory did William James found? | The functionalist perspective. |
Which psychological approach does this statement reflect? Behavior results from learning through experience. | behavioral |