HOSA: Medical Terminology 2016 Chapter 10

burning, burn

cerebrum, brain

shaken together, violently agitated

bruise

sensation, feeling

feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception

membranes, meninges

spinal cord, bone marrow

nerve, nerve tissue

abnormal fear

mind

root or nerve root

having an affinity for

brain and spinal cord

a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system (plural, ganglia or ganglions). Note: The term ganglion also describes a benign, tumor-like cyst.

is a network of intersecting spinal nerves (plural, plexuses) (Figure 10.8A). This term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels.

Also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory
organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs
toward the brain and spinal cord.

Also known as associative neurons, these neurons link afferent and
efferent neurons

Also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away
from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands.

are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body. A process is a structure that extends out from the cell body.

is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. An axon can be more than 3 feet long. Many, but not all, axons are protected by a myelin sheath, which is a white fatty tissue covering.

are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse.

is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ. A single neuron can have a few or several hundred synapses

is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action

is released within the brain. It is believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.

are naturally occurring substances that | are produced by the brain to help relieve pain.

affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress. It is also a hormone released by the adrenal gland as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response

which is released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. It is also sometimes linked to mood disorders.

provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions are (1) to surround neurons and hold them in place, (2) to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, (3) to insulate one neuron from another, and (4) to destroy and remove dead neurons.

is the protective covering made up of glial cells. This white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves

having a myelin sheath

myelinated

unmyelinated

are the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord (singular meninx). The meninges consist of three layers of connective tissue. These are the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater

is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges. Dura means hard, and mater means mother. n The inner surface of the cranium (skull) is lined with the dura mater. n The inner surface of the vertebral column is known as the epidural space. This space, which is located between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater of the meninges, contains fat and supportive connective tissues to cushion the dura mater. n In both the skull and vertebral column, the subdural space is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.

which resembles a spiderweb, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. Arachnoid means having to do with spiders. n The arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow between the layers. n The subarachnoid space, which is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid.

which is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord. It consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels. Pia means tender or delicate, and mater means mother.

also known as spinal fluid, is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum (Figures 10.3 and 10.4). Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless, and watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord. The functions of this fluid are to: n Cool and cushion these organs from shock or injury n Nourish the brain and spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to these tissues

is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain. It is responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions. Note that cerebrum and cerebellum are similar words, but refer to very different parts of the brain. Memory aid: The cerebellum is below the cerebrum

which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures (Figure 10.6). n Gyri (singular gyrus) are the elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex. n Sulci are the fissures of the cerebral cortex. As used here, a fissure is a normally occurring deep groove. Skin fissures, which are crack-like sores, are discussed in

Relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus suppresses some stimuli and magnifies others.

Controls vital bodily functions

1. Regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system, including controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestive tract activity.

2. Regulates emotional responses, including fear and pleasure.

3. Regulates body temperature.

4. Regulates food intake by controlling hunger sensations.

5. Regulates water balance by controlling thirst sensations.

6. Regulates sleep-wakefulness cycles.

7. Regulates the pituitary gland and endocrine system activity

Coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth | and steady movements

Controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure), and for arousal (being awake and alert).

controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body. An injury to the left hemisphere produces sensory and motor deficits on
the right side of the body

controls most of the functions on the left side of the body. An injury to the right hemisphere produces sensory and motor deficits on the left side of the bo

controls skilled motor functions, | memory, and behavior.

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles

controls eyesight

controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information.

prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles. These nerves become aroused as part of the fight-or-flight response, which is the body’s natural reaction to real or imaginary danger.

return the body to normal after a response to stress. They also maintain normal body functions during ordinary circumstances
that are not emotionally or physically stressful.

brain

describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact, such as hitting the windshield in an auto accident.

is an injury that occurs | beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

fainting lack of blood to brain

This condition is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured. Strokes are currently the third-leading cause of death and the primary cause of long-term disability. The location of the disruption determines the symptoms that will be present.

disruption of blood supply

stupor

also known as polio, is a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis (poli/o means gray matter, myel means spinal cord and bone marrow, and -itis means inflammation). There is no known cure for polio; however, it can be prevented through vaccination

is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses. This damage leaves the patient with varying degrees of pain plus physical and cognitive problems.

is inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot

is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Some seizures can hardly be noticed, whereas others cause a brief loss of consciousness. Seizures are symptoms of different disorders that can affect the brain and also can be caused by extreme high fever, brain injury, or brain lesions.

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body (par- means abnormal, and -esthesia means sensation or feeling). These sensations may constitute the first symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or may be a drug side effect.

process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid. Changes in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid can be an indication of injury, infection, or disease

are a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system. n Amobarbital is a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic. n Phenobarbital is a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant

an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur. In order to avoid these situations, someone suffering from agoraphobia might not even be able to leave home (agor/a means marketplace, and -phobia means abnormal fear)

means artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring. Visible symptoms are self-inflicted and seem motivated by a desire for attention and sympathy rather than for external benefits like malingering (see the later section “Somatoform Disorders

repetedly pulling out ones own hair

includes an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior

is characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

is characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause

is characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms. In contrast to a
factitious disorder, this condition is motivated by incentives such as avoiding work.