HOSA: Medical Terminology 2016 Chapter 8

anus, ring

bile, gall

gallbladder

colon, large intestine

vomitting

small intestine

esophagusa

stomach, belly

liver

prescence of stones

digest, digestion

eating swallowing

anus and rectum

rectum, straight

sigmoid colon

the anterior portion of the palate. This area is covered with specialized mucous membrane.
Rugae are irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membran

is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. During swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

is the third part, and it hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate.
It also plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of some speech sound

upper surface of tongue have small bumps (papillae

have tastebuds

teeth

gums

biting and tearing

chewing and grinding

as used in dentistry, describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth.

portion of tooth visible in th mouth

is the narrow passage that | connects the stomach with the small intestine.

are the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach. These folds allow flexibility of the stomach increasing and decreasing in size. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices

is the first portion of the small intestine. The duodenum extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum.

which is the middle portion of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum to the ileum.

which is the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine.

shaped like the letter s

is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen. It extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon.

of the digestive system are so named because they play a key role in the digestive process, but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract
(Figure 8.8). The accessory digestive organs are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

The liver removes excess glucose, which is commonly known as blood sugar, from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen. Glycogen is a form of starch that is stored in the liver. When the blood sugar level is low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use by the body.

a yellow to green fluid, commonly known as bile, that is manufactured by the liver and is necessary for the digestion of fat. Excessive amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice
and other diseases.

which aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver. Bile travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored.

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine. Biliary means pertaining to bile

is a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile for later use

gallbladder

The pancreas produces and secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids. Pancreatic means pertaining to the pancreas

is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients. Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism

is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy nd carbon dioxide. Catabolism is the opposite of anabolism.

The mucosa that lines the small intestine is covered with finger-like projections called villi (VILL-eye) (singular, villus). Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals. The blood vessels absorb nutrients directly from the digestive system into the bloodstream
for delivery to the cells of the body.

is a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed. The term bolus is also used in relation to the administration of medication

is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system.

is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile. The bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats.

is the rumbling | noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers, are gray-white pits with
a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth. Although the exact cause is unknown, the appearance of these very common sores is associated with stress, certain foods, or fever.

is an open lesion of the skin or mucous | membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

lips

plaque

dry

is the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. It can also occur habitually during the day. Bruxism wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the temporomandibular joint

without teetha

bad breath

breath

is any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth.

hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that | form in other parts of the body.

opening

small intestine

digestion

is a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as
advanced cancer or AIDS. Although these patients are eating enough, the wasting happens because their bodies are unable to absorb the nutrients

is an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay, that lasts for at least one month. Pica is not the same as the short-lasting abnormal food cravings that are sometimes associated with pregnancy.

is the act of belching or | raising gas orally from the stomach.

is an inherited autoimmune disorder, also known as gluten intolerance, characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten. Gluten is a class of proteins found in grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. This disorder damages the villi of the small intestine and can lead to the failure of the body to absorb these substances properly.

is a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon (plural, diverticula).

take up or recive within

fat

is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes. This condition is caused by greater-than-normal amounts of
bilirubin in the blood

is an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition is usually the result of severe liver disease

substance having a watery consistency

is a chronic degenerative disease | of the liver characterized by scarring

orange or yellow

bile duct

hidden

decrease amount of acid roduced by stomach

vomit

is a surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures
(plural, anastomoses).

common bile duct

bladder

surgical fixationa