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IB Psychology HL - Abnormal - Describe Symptoms and Prevalence of Depression

Psychology6 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

Symptoms are specific signs or criteria used by clinicians to diagnose whether a person is experiencing a particular disorder, such as depression. They include emotional, cognitive, and physical indicators like persistent sadness, loss of interest, and changes in sleep or appetite.

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symptoms

criteria used in diagnosis to assess whether a patient is suffering from a particular disorder

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

symptoms

criteria used in diagnosis to assess whether a patient is suffering from a particular disorder

symptoms of depression

must have at least 5 of these symptoms, observed over at least 2 weeks, to be diagnosed

affective symptoms:

    <...

when should you NOT heed symptoms of depression?

  • if the person is grieving for the death of a relative or friend

  • and if DSM is used to diagnose the person

  • DSM...

overall prevalence of depression

Kessler and Merikangas (2004):
- depression is the leading cause of disability in the USA between the ages of 15 and 44, with a lifetime prevale...

cultural prevalence of depression

Levav et al. (1997):

  • Jewish men are overrepresented among male depression patients

  • likely because they are more open t...

gender prevalence of depression

Kessler and Merikangas (2004):

  • women are more affected than men, and the difference appears to start around the age of 13

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IB Psychology HL - Abnormal - Describe Symptoms and Prevalence of Depression
TermDefinition

symptoms

criteria used in diagnosis to assess whether a patient is suffering from a particular disorder

symptoms of depression

must have at least 5 of these symptoms, observed over at least 2 weeks, to be diagnosed

affective symptoms:

  • loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities

  • extreme unhappiness

behavioural symptoms:
- observed psychomotor agitation/retardation (increase/decrease in restless movement)

cognitive symptoms:

  • indecisiveness/concentration issues

  • thoughts of death

  • plans to commit suicide/suicidal ideation

somatic symptoms:

  • significant weight loss/gain (change of 5+% body mass in a month)

  • tiredness

  • frequent insomnia/hypersomnia

when should you NOT heed symptoms of depression?

  • if the person is grieving for the death of a relative or friend

  • and if DSM is used to diagnose the person

  • DSM dictates that depression symptoms observed within 2 months of a tragic event is normal

overall prevalence of depression

Kessler and Merikangas (2004):
- depression is the leading cause of disability in the USA between the ages of 15 and 44, with a lifetime prevalence of 16.6%

cultural prevalence of depression

Levav et al. (1997):

  • Jewish men are overrepresented among male depression patients

  • likely because they are more open to seeing a psychiatrist when they are feeling distressed

Andrade and Caraveo (2003):

  • lifetime prevalence of depression varies across cultures

  • 3% in Japan and 17% in the USA

gender prevalence of depression

Kessler and Merikangas (2004):

  • women are more affected than men, and the difference appears to start around the age of 13

  • in the US, the gender ratio of women and men with a diagnosis of depression is 1:3

Nicholson et al. (2008):

  • Polish men: 20.4%

  • Polish women: 32.9%

  • Russian women: 33.7%

  • should be noted that Nicholson et al. used self-report data, and may reflect reporting bias rather than genuinely higher rates of depression