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IB Psychology HL - Relationships - Discuss The Role Of Communication In Maintaining Relationships

Psychology7 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

Communication in relationships includes both what people say (the content) and how they say it (tone, body language, timing). Effective communication helps partners understand each other, resolve conflicts, and build intimacy, playing a key role in maintaining healthy, lasting relationships.

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communication

what people say to each other AND how they say it

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

communication

what people say to each other AND how they say it

what to communicate

  • positive attribution styles

  • communicating openness and assurance

  • avoidance of negative emotions

communication: openness and assurance

openness:

  • sharing experiences

  • telling your partner things about yourself that they may not know

Weigel-Ballard and Reisch (1999)

  • married couples completed a questionnaire

  • traditional couples: high levels of assurance but low levels of openness

    • <...

communication: attribution styles

Bradbury and Fincham (1990):

  • spouses in happy relationships f„ocused more on their partner’s positive behaviour

  • attrib...

communication: avoiding negative emotions

Gottman’s theory oƒf the Four Horsemen ofƒ the
Apocalypse:
- criticism: making negative dispositional attributions
- contempt: attacking ...

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IB Psychology HL - Relationships - Discuss The Role Of Communication In Maintaining Relationships
TermDefinition

communication

what people say to each other AND how they say it

what to communicate

  • positive attribution styles

  • communicating openness and assurance

  • avoidance of negative emotions

communication: openness and assurance

openness:

  • sharing experiences

  • telling your partner things about yourself that they may not know

assurances:

  • offering comfort

  • showing interest in their emotional well-being

study: Weigel-Ballard and Reisch (1999)

Weigel-Ballard and Reisch (1999)

  • married couples completed a questionnaire

  • traditional couples: high levels of assurance but low levels of openness

  • independent couples: more communication, higher levels of openness

  • traditional couples are likely conflict-avoidant, resulting in lower openness

  • while independent couples would rather solve problems than avoid them

communication: attribution styles

Bradbury and Fincham (1990):

  • spouses in happy relationships f„ocused more on their partner’s positive behaviour

  • attributed positive events to partner’s disposition, and negative events to situational factors

  • spouses in unhappy relationships made the reverse attributions

Fincham (2004):
the link between attribution styles and marital satisfaction: positive attributions enhance the relationship, while negative attribution styles increase distress

communication: avoiding negative emotions

Gottman’s theory oƒf the Four Horsemen ofƒ the
Apocalypse:
- criticism: making negative dispositional attributions
- contempt: attacking the partner’s sense of self with the intent of psychological abuse
- defensiveness: self-victimization
- stonewalling: avoiding communication (e.g. silent treatment)

Gottman:

  • dissatisfied couples display more negative emotions, and often display negative reciprocity/retaliation

  • emotional expression and control play a role in confict resolution and marital satisf„action

  • non-verbal factors (e.g. facial expressions) can be picked up on by the partner

study: Gottman et al (2003)

Gottman et al (2003)

  • tested conflict management between older and younger married couples

  • 156 married couples were asked not to talk to each other for 8 hours prior to the experiment

  • asked to discuss 3 topics in the laboratory

  • physiological measurements (e.g. heart rate) were taken

  • 3 topics were: their experiences during the day, 1 pleasant topic, and 1 topic of disagreement between them

  • discussions were recorded on video and different emotions were observed

  • noted that older couples that had been together longer communicated more affection

  • also noted that older couples could communicate with their partner in a way that avoids negative results

  • thus communication styles change over time in order to maintain relationships