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IB Psychology HL - SCLOA - Examine The Role Of Two Cultural Dimensions On Behaviour

Psychology11 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

Cultural dimensions are values or patterns of behavior that vary across cultures and influence how individuals think, feel, and act. These dimensions, such as individualism vs. collectivism or power distance, help explain cultural differences in social behavior and attitudes.

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cultural dimension

factors that can be placed on a philosophical continuum

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

cultural dimension

factors that can be placed on a philosophical continuum

characteristics of individualistic cultures

  • focus on self > others

  • individual autonomy and self-expression encouraged

  • people are viewed as unique indi...

characteristics of collectivistic cultures

  • focus on others > self

- individual autonomy and self-expression not encouraged.

effect of individualist/collectivist cultures on conformity

Smith and Bond (1993):

  • meta-analysis of 31 conformity studies

  • conformity was lower among participants from individuali...

Berry (1967)

  • replicated Asch (1951) with Temne people and Inuits

  • found that Temne people conformed significantly more

  • like...

effect of individualist/collectivist cultures on conflict resolution

  • generally individualist cultures prefer to face conflict head-on (dominating conflict resolution style)

  • while collectivist c...

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IB Psychology HL - SCLOA - Examine The Role Of Two Cultural Dimensions On Behaviour
TermDefinition

cultural dimension

factors that can be placed on a philosophical continuum

characteristics of individualistic cultures

  • focus on self > others

  • individual autonomy and self-expression encouraged

  • people are viewed as unique individuals

characteristics of collectivistic cultures

  • focus on others > self

- individual autonomy and self-expression not encouraged.

effect of individualist/collectivist cultures on conformity

Smith and Bond (1993):

  • meta-analysis of 31 conformity studies

  • conformity was lower among participants from individualist cultures (North America and NW Europe) at 25%

  • collectivist cultures (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America) had higher conformity rates at 37%

Supporting study: Berry (1967)

Berry (1967)

  • replicated Asch (1951) with Temne people and Inuits

  • found that Temne people conformed significantly more

  • likely due to the cooperative nature of their economy

  • as the Temne must survive on a single crop

  • so social agreement is important for the Temne

  • in contrast, Inuits forage for resources individually

effect of individualist/collectivist cultures on conflict resolution

  • generally individualist cultures prefer to face conflict head-on (dominating conflict resolution style)

  • while collectivist cultures avoid conflict (conflict-avoidant resolution style)

Supporting study: Wei et al. (2001)

Wei et al. (2001)

  • 600 managers in Singapore were randomly surveyed

  • participants included Japanese, Americans, and Chinese-Singaporeans working in MNCs, and Chinese-Singaporeans in local firms

  • found that Americans and a minority of Asians preferred dominating conflict

  • Asians, and Americans who had stayed in SG for 10+ years, tended to prefer conflict-avoidant

  • this somewhat confirms the hypothesis, but obviously there are exceptions

  • conclusion: conflict-resolution styles are complex and cannot be reduced to cultural dimensions alone

characteristics of short-term time oriented cultures

  • not concerned with past traditions

  • impatient, present-oriented

  • prefers immediate results

characteristics of long-term time oriented cultures

  • dynamic, future-oriented mentality

  • encourages delayed gratification

  • values long-standing traditions and values

effect of time orientation on delayed gratification

Chen et al. (2005)

  • showed bicultural participants (who had been exposed to both Singaporean and American culture) collages of easily-recognisable photos relevant to one of the 2 cultures in order to selectively activate one

  • participants were asked to perform an online shopping scenario in order to purchase a novel

  • 2 shipping options: book could be delivered either within 4 business days for a standard fee, or the next day for a premium fee

  • US-activated participants tended to choose the premium delivery (valued immediate consumption) more than Singapore-activated participants

effect of time orientation on conflict resolution

Basset (2004)

  • participants were BusMan university students of either Chinese or Australian origin

  • asked to analyse how a potential conflict between a Jap supervisor and Canadian visiting teacher might be resolved

  • generally the Chinese were more concerned ƒwith saving face and preserving relationships

  • Chinese tended to suggest solving problems and enhancing relationships at a dinner table or by giving gifts

  • Australians tended to focus more on policies and procedures rather than cultural etiquette, and were less concerned with loss of face