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IB Psychology HL - SCLOA - explain ‘emic’ and ‘etic’ concepts with relevant studies

Psychology5 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

Etic approaches study human behavior from an outside perspective, aiming to identify universal patterns across cultures. Researchers often develop theories in one culture (usually Western) and apply them to others.

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Etic approaches

  • investigates cross-cultural behaviour (i.e. behaviour that transcends culture and is the basis of human behaviour)

  • etic studies usually develop a theory in a particular culture (usually Western) and test for it in other cultures

Main study: WHO (1983)

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

Etic approaches

  • investigates cross-cultural behaviour (i.e. behaviour that transcends culture and is the basis of human behaviour)

  • etic stud...

WHO (1983)

  • used a standard diagnostic scheme to investigate symptoms of depression of 573 patients in Switzerland, Canada, Japan, and Iran

Emic approaches

  • investigates culture-specific behaviour

  • explores a culture’s uniqueness and aims to discover

  • emic studies ope...

Manson et al. (1985)

  • investigated culture-specific characteristics of depression

  • developed the American Indian Depression Scale

  • mo...

thoughts on combining etic and emic approaches?

  • depression is a universal illness

  • but culture partially determines how it’s expressed

  • Marsella et al. (2002):...

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IB Psychology HL - SCLOA - explain ‘emic’ and ‘etic’ concepts with relevant studies
TermDefinition

Etic approaches

  • investigates cross-cultural behaviour (i.e. behaviour that transcends culture and is the basis of human behaviour)

  • etic studies usually develop a theory in a particular culture (usually Western) and test for it in other cultures

Main study: WHO (1983)

WHO (1983)

  • used a standard diagnostic scheme to investigate symptoms of depression of 573 patients in Switzerland, Canada, Japan, and Iran

  • to discover if they had characteristics in common

  • found that most patients experienced several common symptoms

  • 76% of patients reported sadness, joylessness, and anxiety

  • but 40% complained of symptoms not included in the diagnostic scheme being used (e.g. obsessions)

  • Marsella et al. (1985) interpreted these findings as a strong demonstration of cultural factors

Emic approaches

  • investigates culture-specific behaviour

  • explores a culture’s uniqueness and aims to discover

  • emic studies operate under the assumption that a particular behaviour can only be found in the culture which is being studied

Main study: Manson et al. (1985)

Manson et al. (1985)

  • investigated culture-specific characteristics of depression

  • developed the American Indian Depression Scale

  • most Hopi participants could not find a word in the Hopi language that had an identical meaning to ‘depression’

  • but the researchers could identify 5 categories used by Hopi to describe illness related to depression:
    • worry sickness
    • unhappiness
    • heartbroken
    • drunken-like craziness
    • disappointment

  • some symptoms of those illnesses had similarities to the Western idea of depression

  • but other symptoms had not place at all in Western diagnostic systems

thoughts on combining etic and emic approaches?

  • depression is a universal illness

  • but culture partially determines how it’s expressed

  • Marsella et al. (2002): manifestation of depression depends on the culture’s place on the individualism-collectivism continuum

  • in individualistic cultures, common symptoms include feelings of loneliness and isolation

  • in collectivistic cultures, somatic symptoms are more often reported