Intro to Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts Part 1

Study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organisms studying the relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs.

The study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease.

microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided eye
(cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure;
histology- study of tissues)
gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic
(systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system;
regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit)

discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring from conception to birth

examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of different species

relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

organization- each organism has a complex structure and order
metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller)
growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often grows and develops
responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli
regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment

chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles
cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level
tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells
organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific, complex functions
organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and acheive a common function

in front of

in back of

on the backside of the human body

on the belly side of the human body

closer to the head

closer to the feet

on the inside

on the outside

refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due to external temperature, the body maintains a steady state by circulating more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat loss; nervous system regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning
receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus
control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels
effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that bring air flow

set point-- what is normal
action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby: suckling causes receptors to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin causing breast tissue to produce milk

detecting a change and then initiating the opposite response to return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of the skin so the body loses heat, if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when stepping on glass)

protons (+1 charge), nuetrons, and electrons (very little weight)
atomic number is based on protons
amu is based on protons and nuetrons

ionic bond- bond that transfers electrons, stronger; form salts
covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular compounds

Oxygen (65%), Carbon(18), Hydrogen (10), Nitrogen (3), Calcium, Phosphorous,

positively charged ion

negatively charged ion

substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water that create electric currents

molecules that contain carbon

type of organic molecule made up of fatty acids and steroids; water insoluble
triglycerides- (H2CO)3 (3 glycerol and fatty acid chains (H2C)n )
phospholipids- phosphate, various organic molecules, glycerol, and fatty acids
steroids- like cholesterol, 4 hydrocarbon rings
eicosanoids- 20 carbons, arachidonic acid

hydrated carbon--nearly every carbon is attached to a water molecule

carbohydrate simple sugars with between 3 and 7 carbon atoms, ex: glucose C6H12O6, galactose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose (5 carbon sugars)

carbohydrates made with two monosaccharides (sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar)

carbohydrates made of three or more monosaccharides (glycon in humans, and starch and cellulose in animals)

made up of glucose and fructose

glucose and glucose

galactose and glucose

macromolecules that store or transfer genetic and heriditary information in cells; ex) RNA and DNA, both made up of nucleotide monomers, bonded together covalently in phosphodiester bonds

made up of phosphate group (attached to carbon 3), 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (attached to carbon 1)

single ring nitrogenous base: cytosine, uricil, thymine

double ring nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine

equation for respiration, CO2 is exhaled, H2O mostly used in the body

polymers that are made of amino acid monomers with an amine and carboxylic acid functional group, amino acids bond together with peptide bonds (dehydration reaction OH- from carboxylic acid, H from amine group