Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Intro to Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts Part 2
Intro to Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts Part 2
This deck covers essential concepts in anatomy and physiology, focusing on cellular structures, biochemical processes, and transport mechanisms.
glycoproteins
proteins with a carbohydrate attached
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
glycoproteins
proteins with a carbohydrate attached
primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
secondary structure
shows beta pleated sheets and alpha helices
tertiary structure
3d shape, globular or fibrous protein
quaternary structure
shown in some complex proteins; two or more proteins associate to form a final protein
acid
donates H+
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
glycoproteins | proteins with a carbohydrate attached |
primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids in a protein |
secondary structure | shows beta pleated sheets and alpha helices |
tertiary structure | 3d shape, globular or fibrous protein |
quaternary structure | shown in some complex proteins; two or more proteins associate to form a final protein |
acid | donates H+ |
base | donates OH- |
kinetic energy | energy of motion |
potential energy | energy of the position |
role of enzymes | lower activation energy in chemical reactions, substrate enters active site, induced fit occurs, enzyme stresses substrate bonds, lowering activation energy and facilitating the chemical reaction to occur |
plasma membrane | forms the outer limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment; made up of phospholipid bilayer |
nucleus | largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Contains genetic material, DNA, the fluid within the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm, nucleolus is dark staining body |
cytoplasm | all cellular contents between the nucleus and cell membrane |
cytosol | intracellular fluid, high water content |
organelles | little organs- complex organized structures within cells; unique characteristic shapes and functions |
diffusion | net movement of substance from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated |
facilitated diffusion | assists small solutes that are charged or polar into the cell past the phospholipid bilayer; occurs through channel mediated diffusion- water filled protein channels; carrier diffusion- assisted by carrier proteins |
osmosis | the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane; occurs to even out concentrations in and out of cell |
active transport | opposes the movement of solutes by diffusion and prevents the distribution of dissolved substances from reaching equilibrium; moves a substance against a concentration gradient Ex) sodium potassium pump- ion pump concentration gradients- moves Na+ continuously out the cell and K+ into the cell; must expend ATP to do this; maintains electrochemical gradient which gives cell potential energy |
isotonic | the cytosol and the solution have the same relative concentration |
hypotonic | the solution has a lower concentration of solutes and there is a higher concentration of water than in the cytosol--- entry of water into the cell occurs lysis can occur |
hypertonic | higher concentration of solutes and thus a lower concentration of water than in the cytosol-- water will leave the cell; crenation- cell shrinkage |
secondary active transport | synport- same direction, antiport- different direction; movement of Na+ or K+ with its gradient provides enough energy to move substance in either direction |
endocytosis | the cellular uptake of large substances or large amounts of substances from the external environment into the cell; used for digestion; pocket in cell membrane occurs to take in vesicle that forms on cell surface- this is called invagination |
exocytosis | the means by which either large substances are secreted from the cell; macromolecules like proteins and polysaccharides are too large to be moved across the membrane even with the assistance of transport proteins; intracellular transport vesicles; vesicle fuses with plasma membrane to release contents |
pinocytosis | cellular drinking; occurs when the cell internalizes droplets of interstitial fluid that contain dissolved solutes; multiple small vesicles are formed to come into the interstitial fluid; nonspecific-- all solutes in the droplet are taken into the cell |
phagocytosis | cellular eating-- occurs when a cell engulfs or captures a large particle external to the cell by forming pseudopodia (false feet) to surround the particle |
simple diffusion | movement of small, nonpolar particles through the plasma membrane; little energy needed |
endoplasmic reticulum | extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape and separates fluid within the membrane structure from the cytosol; serves as a place for ribosomes to attach (Rough ER) or not (smooth ER) |
golgi apparatus | modifies, packages and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles, forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes; made up of cisternae |
vesicles | spherical shaped membrane bound sacs that transport cellular material |
lysosomes | spherical shaped organelles bound by membranes that contain digestive enzymes; digest damaged organelles (autophagy); when a cell is damaged or dies, the lysosomes digest the molecular components of the cell itself-- called autolysis |
mitochondria | double membrane bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA that has genes for producing mitochondrial proteins: synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules (glucose, fatty acids) in presence of oxygen; powerhouse of the cell |
ribosomes | organelles composed of both ribosomal RNA and proteins; bound to a membrane or free in the cytosol; engage in protein synthesis--- bound ribosomes produce proteins that are secreted into cytosol and free ribosomes produce all other proteins |
cytoskeleton | maintains cell internal structural support; made up of filaments |
centrosome | amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles; organizes microtubules within the cytoskeleton |
proteosomes | barrel shaped proteins that digest other proteins that are damaged or no longer needed; signaled by ubiquitin: use ATP |
inclusions | aggregates of specific molecules-- temporary storage |
peroxisomes | formed in ER or through fission-- detoxify substances through oxidation enzymes; important in liver to detoxify alcohol and other substances; work through beta oxidation-- creates CoA |