Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Intro to Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts Part 3
Intro to Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in anatomy and physiology, focusing on cellular structures, bone growth, and hormonal influences on bone development.
cilia/flagella
projections from the cell; cilia move mucus in respiratory passageway; flagella propel cells (sperm)
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
cilia/flagella
projections from the cell; cilia move mucus in respiratory passageway; flagella propel cells (sperm)
microvilli
thin microscopic membrane extensions; small intestine surface area to absorb nutrients
membrane junctions
to provide an orderly arrangement between cells these form between adjacent cells (tight junction- completely attaches each cell to neighbors; forces ...
transcription
RNA synthesis;formation of a ribonucleic acid copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus
DNA is unwound; RNA polymerase attaches to promotor reg...
translation
uses RNA for the synthesis of the protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm; tRNA brings over amino acids to mRNA to synthesize the protein, initiation, e...
G
bonds with C
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
cilia/flagella | projections from the cell; cilia move mucus in respiratory passageway; flagella propel cells (sperm) |
microvilli | thin microscopic membrane extensions; small intestine surface area to absorb nutrients |
membrane junctions | to provide an orderly arrangement between cells these form between adjacent cells (tight junction- completely attaches each cell to neighbors; forces substances to move through, not between cell tissues) |
transcription | RNA synthesis;formation of a ribonucleic acid copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus |
translation | uses RNA for the synthesis of the protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm; tRNA brings over amino acids to mRNA to synthesize the protein, initiation, elongation, termination |
G | bonds with C |
A | bonds with U (RNA) or T (DNA) |
functions of the integument | protection, regulates heat (sweating), detecting stimuli, balance of water, synthesis of vitamin D and oils, immune function |
layers of the integument | epidermis, dermis (papillary, reticular), subcutaneous layer (below the integument) |
arector pill muscle | muscle that alters hair position |
epidermal ridges | works with dermal papillae in the dermis to merge dermis and epidermis; dermal papillae deliver nutrients to epidermis and monitors touch of the epidermis |
reticular layer | contains network of blood vessels, hair follicles, sabaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves surrounded by collagen |
meocrine sweat glands | simple coiled sweat glands, thermal regulation |
apocrine sweat glands | discharges sweat into hair follicle, active in pubic and underarm regions, become active during puberty |
sebaceous glands | discharges oil to keep skin and hair from drying out |
Rickets | caused by vitamin D deficiency (children in factories), weight caused poorly developed bones to assume a bowlegged appearance |
Osteoporosis | bone loss due to aging, more common in caucasian women due to lower bone density, maintaining good calcium and vitamin D |
Achondroplasea | dwarfism; caused by mutation in DNA replication or inherited gene, long bones stop growing, large head, short limbs, curved spine, abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone |
endochondral ossification | Process of transforming cartilage into bone. |
intermembranous ossification | bones growth within a membrane: the mesenchyme (site of the future dermis), starts during the 8th week of development, produces flat bones in skull, face, and clavicle, begins when mesenchyme thickens, cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts, calcification (turns cells into osteocytes), woven bone, then lammellar bone (spongey and compact bone) |
growth hormone | (somatrotropin) stimulates liver to produce hormone somatomedin, resulting in cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation |
thyroid hormone | stimulates bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoblasts until puberty |
sex hormones | (estrogen and testosterone) begin to be secreted in large amounts at puberty and dramatically acclerate bone growth; ends growth at epiphyseal plate since bone growth replaces cartilage growth so all cartilage is replaced by bone |
glucocoticoids | steroids that impair bone growth in chronically high levels, increase bone loss |
serotonin | inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when there are chronically high levels of serotonin` |
parathyroid hormone and calcitriol | parathyroid releases PTH; vitamin D converted to calcitroil; work synergistically to release calcium from the bone to the blood; reduce calcium loss into urine in kidneys, release calcium from small intestine into blood; Maintaining calcium homeostasis |
calcitonin | inhibits osteoclasts (bone loss), stimulates loss of calcium from urine |
interstital growth | long bone's growth in length; dependent on epiphyseal plate; growth is due to growth in hyaline cartilage that ossifies to bone; rate of epiphyseal catilage slows and eventually ends as we age and osteoblast activity increases |
appositional growth | occurs within the periosteum; circumferential lamallae develop in the bone (like tree rings); medullary cavity forms in center |
Bone remodeling | bones replaced regularly eveery few years, mechanical stress through exercise causes bone growth |
osteoprogenitor cells | stem cells, multiply through mitosis (1 progenitor, one osteoblast) |
osteoblasts | secret initial bone matrix osteoid; hardened bone; become trapped in the matrix they create and become osteocytes |
osteocytes | mature bone cells that have lost their bone forming ability when they become trapped by calcified osteoid; signal osteocyes when bone is stressed |
osteoclasts | involved in breaking down bone called resorption |