Intro to Psychology (PSYC101): Module 22: Studying and Encoding Memories
Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. Recall requires actively bringing information to mind, such as answering fill-in-the-blank questions, while recognition involves identifying previously learned information.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Key Terms
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-
blank test.
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Related Flashcard Decks
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the- |
Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |
Relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
Encoding | The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. |
Storage | The process of retaining encoded information over time. |
Retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
Parallel Processing | Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once. |
Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
Short Term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the |
Long Term Memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and |
Working Memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming sensory |
Explicit Memory | Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative |
Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned |
Implicit Memory | Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. |
Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more |
Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be |
Procedural Memory | A type of implicit memory that aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness. |
| Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
Spacing Effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through |
Testing Effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to |
Shallow Processing | encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words. |
Deep Processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. |