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Intro to Psychology (PSYC101): Module 42: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

Psychology7 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

Mood disorders involve extreme emotional states that disrupt daily functioning. Major depressive disorder features prolonged sadness or loss of interest, while bipolar disorder alternates between depressive lows and manic highs—periods of heightened energy and impulsive behavior.

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major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at le...

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formly called manic...

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

Any theory of depression must explain the following:

  • Behaviors and thoughts change with depression

  • Depression is widespread...

Depression from a biological perspective

  • heritability of major depressive disorder is approximately 40%

  • brain activity slows during depression (and increases during ...

Depression from a social-cognitive perspective

explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive. Expecting the worst, depressed people magnify bad experiences and ...

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Intro to Psychology (PSYC101): Module 42: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
TermDefinition

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formly called manic-depressive disorder)

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

Any theory of depression must explain the following:

  • Behaviors and thoughts change with depression

  • Depression is widespread

  • Women’s risk of major depressive disorder is roughly double men’s

  • Most major depressive episode end on their own

  • Work, marriage, and relationship stresses often precede depression

  • Compared with generations past, depression strikes earlier (now often in late teens) and affects more people, with the highest rates among young adults in developing countries

(see pages 516-518 for details)

Depression from a biological perspective

  • heritability of major depressive disorder is approximately 40%

  • brain activity slows during depression (and increases during mania)

  • the left frontal lob and brain reward center become more active during positive emotions

  • low connectivity between brain regions involving experiencing (a) emotion and (b) emotion regulation

  • norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that boosts arousal, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania

  • serotonin, another neurotransmitter, is also scarce or inactive during depression

Depression from a social-cognitive perspective

explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive. Expecting the worst, depressed people magnify bad experiences and minimize good ones. Their self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style feed their depression

rumination

compulsive fretting; over-thinking our problems and their causes