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Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 2 - The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis Part 1

LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 2 - The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis Part 1

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This deck covers key concepts of the cell cycle, including phases of interphase, checkpoints, mitosis, meiosis, and related cellular structures.

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What is the cell cycle?

The sequence of events that takes place in a cell to enable growth and repair

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

What is the cell cycle?

The sequence of events that takes place in a cell to enable growth and repair

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase (longest phase ~95% of time) Mitotic phase
What does a cell do during interphase?
Cells carry out their major functions Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm Organelles grow and divide in the cytoplasm Normal metabolic processes...
What are the 3 stages of interphase?
G1 - growth phase 1 S - synthesis phase G2 - growth phase 2
What occurs in G1 of interphase?
Proteins from which organelles are synthesised are produced Organelles are replicated The cell increases in size
What occurs in G2 of interphase?
Cell continues growth Energy stores are increased Cell double checks duplicated chromosomes for errors and makes any necessary repairs
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LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 2 - The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis Part 1
TermDefinition

What is the cell cycle?

The sequence of events that takes place in a cell to enable growth and repair

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase (longest phase ~95% of time) Mitotic phase
What does a cell do during interphase?
Cells carry out their major functions Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm Organelles grow and divide in the cytoplasm Normal metabolic processes (some continue throughout cell division e.g. respiration) DNA is replicated and checked for errors in the nucleus
What are the 3 stages of interphase?
G1 - growth phase 1 S - synthesis phase G2 - growth phase 2
What occurs in G1 of interphase?
Proteins from which organelles are synthesised are produced Organelles are replicated The cell increases in size
What occurs in G2 of interphase?
Cell continues growth Energy stores are increased Cell double checks duplicated chromosomes for errors and makes any necessary repairs
What occurs in S of interphase?
Chromosomes are duplicated in the nucleus
What is G0 of the cell cycle?
Phase when cells leave the cell cycle either temporarily or permanently. A few types of cells that enter G0 can be stimulated to go back into the cell cycle and start dividing again e.g., lymphocytes in an immune response.
Why might a cell leave the cell cycle?
Phase when cells leave the cell cycle either temporarily or permanently because: The cell has differentiated and is no longer able to divide The DNA of the cell is damaged so the cell is no longer viable and therefore becomes senescent. Age. The number of senescent cells increases with age and has been linked with age related diseases.
What occurs in the G1 checkpoint?
Checks that chemicals needed for replication (growth factors) are present Checks for any damage to DNA before S phase Checks for cell size Checks that the nutrients required for replication are present
What occurs in the G2 checkpoint?
Checks for cell size Checks for DNA replication Checks for any errors in the DNA and repairs mistakes
What occurs in the spindle assembly checkpoint?
Checks if spindle fibres are connected to chromosomes Checks that the chromosomes have aligned ready for metaphase *Also known as metaphase checkpoint - mitosis cannot proceed until this checkpoint is passed.
What are the two parts to the mitotic stage of the cell cycle?
Mitosis Cytokinesis
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis and Meiosis
When does meiosis occur?
The production of gametes
What occurs in mitosis?
The division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei via a 5 step process: Early prophase Late prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What occurs in cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm divides and the two identical daughter cells are produced Starts in late telophase Characterised by the formation of a cleavage furrow, which pinches the cell in two, in animal cells.
Why is mitosis important?
It ensures the two daughter cells produced are genetically identical Each cell produced has an exact copy of the DNA present in the parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes Growth, repair and replacement of cells in multicellular organisms Asexual reproduction by Eukaryotic organisms
Define chromatid
Two identical copies of DNA (a chromosome) Two chromatids are held together at a centromere
Define chromatin
Uncondensed DNA which is in complex with histone proteins