LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 6 - Manipulating Genomes Part 4
This deck Heating the sample to 95°C breaks hydrogen bonds, separating the double helix into single strands with exposed bases.
Germ line cell therapy
Reproductive cells/ embryos target of cell therapy
All cells derived from the genetically manipulated cell will contain a copy of the functioning gene
The effects of the gene therapy might be inherited in offspring
Unknown effects on the target cells and development of organism means this is illegal
Can’t target spp tissues
Key Terms
Germ line cell therapy
Reproductive cells/ embryos target of cell therapy
All cells derived from the genetically manipulated cell will contain a copy of the functio...
Ways to clone a gene
In vitro (PCR)
In vivo
Advantages of using PCR to clone genes
Quicker - few hrs vs weeks
Less equipment - only tt and thermocycler
Less labour intensive - can be set to run and left
Can use l...
Advantages of using in vivo cloning techniques
Less prone to mutations - Taq polymerase may insert wrong base
Less expensive - materials for growing bacteria are cheap
Less technical...
Recombinant/ transgenic DNA
DNA from 2 diff sources
Restriction enzyme
An endonuclease that recognises a spp palindromic sequence of DNA and cuts the gene from an organism in order to isolate it
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Germ line cell therapy | Reproductive cells/ embryos target of cell therapy All cells derived from the genetically manipulated cell will contain a copy of the functioning gene The effects of the gene therapy might be inherited in offspring Unknown effects on the target cells and development of organism means this is illegal Can’t target spp tissues |
Ways to clone a gene | In vitro (PCR) In vivo |
Advantages of using PCR to clone genes | Quicker - few hrs vs weeks Less equipment - only tt and thermocycler Less labour intensive - can be set to run and left Can use lower quality DNA - prehistoric animals |
Advantages of using in vivo cloning techniques | Less prone to mutations - Taq polymerase may insert wrong base Less expensive - materials for growing bacteria are cheap Less technically complex - conditions not so critical |
Recombinant/ transgenic DNA | DNA from 2 diff sources |
Restriction enzyme | An endonuclease that recognises a spp palindromic sequence of DNA and cuts the gene from an organism in order to isolate it |
R enzyme's target site | Short palindromic sequences that are 4-6 bp |
Why are R enzymes so spp | Have a unique active site Diff bp have diff shapes Must be able to fit inside |
How can we identify recombinant DNA that can produce insulin | Replica plating Adding antibodies Fluorescent marker introduced and glowing bacteria those w recombinant plasmid |
Gene therapy | Treatment of genetic diseases caused by recessive alleles by inserting a new, healthy dominant allele |
Pros of pest resistant crops | Increased yield | Reduces amount of pesticide sprayed - helps poor farmers |
Cons of pest resistant crops | Non pest insects might be damaged by toxins | Insect pests may become resistant |
Pros of disease resistant crops | Reducing crop losses/ increasing yield |
Cons of disease resistant crops | Transferred genes may spread to wild populations and cause problems e.g superweeds |
Pros of herbicide resistant crops | Reduce competing weeds nd increase yield |
Cons of herbicide resistant crops | Reduce biodiversity if overused | Superweeds |
Pros of GM crops | Extended shelf life reduces waste Crops can grow in wider range of conditions e.g. flood resistant Increased nutritional value Can be used to produce human med and vaccines |
Cons of GM crops | Extended shelf life may reduce commercial value and demand for the crop Allergies to proteins made in GM crops Patenting and tech transfer costs - not easily accessible to those who need it most |
Why are non coding regions of DNA used for DNA profiling | In most people genome is v. similar Regions of coding DNA will not produce a unique profile All have VNTRs but the number at any given locus differs allowing comparison |
Bioinformatics | Development of software and computing tools needed to organise and analyse raw biological data |
Computational bio | Uses data from boinformatics to build theoretical models of biological systems which can be used to predict what happens in diff circumstances |
How can bioinformatics help determine whether a newly sequenced allele causes genetic disease | Base sequence of normal allele and known alternatives held in database as well as AA sequence Computational analysis allows rapid comparison of sequences w/ newly sequenced alleles Can create model of new protein structure |
Uses of computational bio | Analysing base pair in DNA Working out 3D structures of proteins Understanding molecular pathways e.g. gen reg Identify genes linked to spp diseases |
Benefits of using DNA sequencing in studying epidemiology of infectious disease | Allows you to identify pathogen Sequence DNA and compare to sim microorganisms Faster than trad methods e.g.culturing bacteria Can follow routes of infection Cn identify carriers Can help find drugs |
Why is Taq polymerase used instead of normal DNA polymerase | Thermostable | Can be cycled repeatedly without stopping |