Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6) Part 1

The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

1. Bacteria
2. Algae
3. Protozoa
4. Helminths
5. Fungi
6. Viruses

- Cell structure
- Growth and Physiology
- Genetics
- Taxonomy and evolutionary history
- Interactions with living and non living environment

1. Medical microbiology
2. Public Health microbiology and Epidemiology
3. Immunology
4. Industrial Microbiology
5. Agricultural Microbiology
6. Environmental Microbiology

Study of microbes as they relate to medicine, deals with microbes that causes disease in humans and animals

Monitor and control the spread of disease in communities. USPHS, CDC, WHO

- Use of microbes to manufacture important compounds
- Safeguards our food and water
- Also includes biotechnology
- Ranges from bread making to gene therapy
- Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins

- Deals with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
- Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions
- Animal specialists work with infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms

Studies a diverse areas such as vaccination, blood testing, and allergy. Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases

Studies the effect of microbes on the earth's diverse habitats.
Example- aquatic microbiology, soil microbiology, geomicrobiology, and astrobiology

true nucleus; cells with a nucleus are classified as eukaryotes

Pre-nucleus; bacteria and archaea do not have a nucleus and have been traditionally classified as prokaryotes

A microorganism

Biology is concerned with all the different scales of size that microorganisms exist on, but many fields on biology are concerned with more complex organisms such as mammals. Microbiology is concerned specifically with smaller, individual organisms. Microbiologists might be concerned with something as big as a bacteria, and they do study systems, such as the immune system, but generally they focus on smaller individual organisms. They are similar because they both study organisms, just on different scales.

- Unicellular microorganisms
- Some cause human, animal, or plant diseases; others are beneficial.
- Prokaryotic

- Unicellular microorganisms
- Prokaryotic
- Food or water borne
- Reproduce Asexually
- Photosythetic

- Unicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Live independently or as parasites
- Mostly found in soil or water

- Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Worms

- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- Protists characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall

- Deals with diseases of humans and animals
- Study the way microorganisms cause disease
- Example: A Microbiologist at the CDC may examine a culture of the influenza virus in order to understand why is is so harmful

- Monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities
- CDC, USPHS, & WHO
- Example: Epidemiologists conduct interviews as a part of the effort to curb the cholera epidemic in Haiti

- Studies the web of protective substances and cells produced in response to infection
- Vaccination, blood testing, and allergy
- Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases
- Example: Immunologists freeze dry samples of infectious diseases

- Branch of microbiology in which microbes are manipulated to manufacture useful products
- Ranges from bread making to gene therapy
- Safeguards our food and water
- Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, berm drugs, enzymes and vitamins
- Example: Scientists use a multispectural imaging systems for inspection of chickens to be manufactured

- Concerned with the relationship between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
- Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions
- Animal specialists focus on infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms

- Studies the effect of microbes on the Earth's diverse habitats
- 4 Types: Aquatic, Soil, Geo, and Astro
- Studies microbes in the earths surface water, soil, crust, and places off of our planet

Prokaryotic cells originated fist, followed by Eukaryotic cells, and lastly viruses

Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen

Bacteria and Algae

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be recycled

Bacteria and Fungi

Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Techniques that allow the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants

Manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

A pathogen is a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease, but microbes are not always pathogens

False, few microbes are pathogens

In the U.S: Influenza and pneumonia
Worldwide: HIV/AIDS and Diarrheal diseases

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Virus

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Virus

The first observations of microbes

Invention of the microscope

1970s: Discovery of restriction enzymes
1980s: Inventions of the PCR technique
2000s: Importance of small RNAs
2010s: Role of the human microbiome

Found that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance

- Discovered and described bacterial endospores
- Discovered Sterile, which is completely free of all life forms including endospores and virus particles

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis - Development of Aseptic techniques. Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations done by physicians who had been working in the autopsy rooms.

Joseph Lister - First to introduce aseptic technique and utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antimicrobial chemicals. These techniques are still used today

Luis Pasteur - Contributed to the microbial fermentation role in wine and beer production, invented pasteurization, showed that human diseases could arise from infection

Robert Koch - Established Koch's postulates, a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease, linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease (Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis). Also developed numerous lab techniques

The theory that life appears from nonliving things

Luis Pasteur

Robert Koch

1. Make an observation - through experience, thoughts, or reading
2. Conduct background research - learn more about what you have observed
Make a hypothesis - form a question to be tested and answered
3. Experiment - Test the question with an experiment
4. Observe outcome - Observe what is seen from the experiment
5. Analyze data and draw conclusions - Explain what was seen and whether or not the hypothesis was corrrect
6. Develop a theory backed by research

A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

Science of classifying living things

Assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

Attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa (categories)

Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized and placed in a taxonomic scheme

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Capitalize the first letter of the first word, lower case second word, then underline both words

Malaria - Protozoa, Amoebic dysentery - Bacteria, HIV/AIDS - Virus, Schistosomiasis - Helminth, Anthrax - Bacteria, Red tide - Algae, Yellow fever - Virus, Catch-scratch disease - Bacteria, Hepatitis - Virus, Cholera - Bacteria, Meningitis - Bacteria and Virus, Typhoid fever - Bacteria, Chagas' disease - Protozoa, Trichomoniasis - Protozoa, Tuberculosis - Bacteria, Lyme disease - Bacteria, Leptospirosis - Bacteria, SARS - Virus, Rotavirus - Virus, Onchocerciasis - Helminth, Pertussis - Bacteria, African Sleeping Sickness - Protozoa, Measles - Virus, Leishmaniasis - Protozoa, Gonorrhea - Bacteria, Ringworm - Fungus

Evolution

Bacteria

Virus

- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species

Inoculation

Colony

Differential

Compound microscope

Basic

Nearly any object or material can be collected for culturing microorganisms, common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water, or soil.
Five I's:
- Inoculation
- Incubation
- Isolation
- Inspection
- Identification

- Sample is placed into a container of sterile medium
- Cultivation of microorganisms
- Involves spreading the sample on the surface of a solid medium or introducing the sample into a flask or tube

- An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions
- Promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks.
- Produces a culture - the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium

Microbes may take the form of separate colonies on solid media, or turbidity in broths. Single species of microbe

- The colonies or broth cultures are observed microscopically for growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that could be used in analyzing the specimen contents

- Microbial profiles are determined y phenotype testing, genotype testing, macroscopic and microscopic analysis

- Media is designed for growth of specimens
- Culture medium encourages the growth, support and survival of microorganisms

- Liquid: found in test tubes, termed broths, milks, infusions
- Semi-solid: clot like, found in test tubes, determines motility of bacteria
- Solid: provide a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies

- extracted from red marine algae and solid at room temperature and liquifies at 100 degrees Celsius
- used to form a clot like consistencies in test tubes and Petri dishes, used as a solidifying agent

Synthetic (defined) media has chemical compositions which are precisely chemically defined. They may contain at least one component that is not chemically definable, contains extracts of animals, and may contain ground-up cells, tissues, or secretions. Non

- General purpose media groups a broad spectrum of bacteria and support a wide variety of microbial life.
- Enriched media contains complex organic substances that fastidious bacteria require for growth and contain growth factors such as specific vitamins or amino acids
- Selective media allows only one type of organism to grow
- Differential media allows multiple types of organisms to grow, but shows different reactions (ex. Change of color)

Yes, some media can be both selective and differential

Grows anaerobic bacteria

- A cell us a unit of a colony
- A colony has millions of cells
- A colony can be even by the naked eye, but a cell needs a microscope

Microscopic

Macroscopic

Maintains and preserves specimens

Used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

Used in industrial and environmental microbiology

Contains sugars and pH indicators to show fermentation

- Streak plate: a small droplet of culture or sample is spread over the surface of the medium with an inoculating loop in a pattern that gradually thins out the sample and separates the cells spatially over several sections of the plate
- Loop dilution: the sample is inoculated serially into a series of cooled but sill liquid agar tubes so as to dilute the number of cells in each successive tube in the series.
- Spread plate: a small volume of liquid, diluted sample is pipetted onto the surface of the medium and spread evenly by a sterile spreading tool

Two or more species of bacteria

Only one species of bacteria

Contains contaminants or intruders

It is used to make a second-level culture from a well-isolated colony
A standard method for making a pure culture

- Biochemical tests can determine fundamental chemical characteristics such as: Nutrient requirements, products given off during growth, presence of enzymes, & mechanisms for deriving energy
- Genotypic testing detects Microbes based on their DNA
- Immunologic testing tests the isolate against known antibodies

Stream sterilization (autoclaving) or incineration are used to destroy microorganisms

8500

Total magnification = power of ocular lens x power of objective lens