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My EPPP Social Psychology Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in social psychology, focusing on hypotheses, theories, and research findings relevant to the EPPP exam.
This hypothesis proposes that aggression is motivated by frustration, and a revised version predicts that frustration leads to aggression in the presence of aggressive cues.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
This hypothesis proposes that aggression is motivated by frustration, and a revised version predicts that frustration leads to aggression in the presence of aggressive cues.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
is the tendency for an observer to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes when making attributions about an actor’s behavior.
Fundamental Attribution Bias
predicts that people tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increasing liking for them and to be least attracted to individuals who show decreasing liking for them.
Gain-Loss Effect
The research has shown that women generally spend more time than men engaged in conversation, are more likely to talk to people of the same gender, and may affiliate more than men do in public places.
Gender Differences In Affiliation
Research by Kobasa et al. (1982) found that the personality trait of hardiness acts as a protective factor against stress and has three primary characteristics: commitment (a sense of purpose and involvement in one's relationships and life events); challenge (an openness to new experiences and change); and control (the belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events).
Hardiness
are mental shortcuts that people use when making attributions and other social judgments and include the representativeness, availability, simulation, and anchoring and adjustment heuristics. Although heuristics allow us to reach conclusions quickly, they may result in errors.
Heuristics
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
This hypothesis proposes that aggression is motivated by frustration, and a revised version predicts that frustration leads to aggression in the presence of aggressive cues. | Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
is the tendency for an observer to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes when making attributions about an actor’s behavior. | Fundamental Attribution Bias |
predicts that people tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increasing liking for them and to be least attracted to individuals who show decreasing liking for them. | Gain-Loss Effect |
The research has shown that women generally spend more time than men engaged in conversation, are more likely to talk to people of the same gender, and may affiliate more than men do in public places. | Gender Differences In Affiliation |
Research by Kobasa et al. (1982) found that the personality trait of hardiness acts as a protective factor against stress and has three primary characteristics: commitment (a sense of purpose and involvement in one's relationships and life events); challenge (an openness to new experiences and change); and control (the belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events). | Hardiness |
are mental shortcuts that people use when making attributions and other social judgments and include the representativeness, availability, simulation, and anchoring and adjustment heuristics. Although heuristics allow us to reach conclusions quickly, they may result in errors. | Heuristics |
Lewin (1931) and Miller (1944) distinguished between four intraindividual (motivational) conflicts: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance. Of these, the double approach-avoidance (which occurs when we have to choose between two goals that both have positive and negative qualities) is the most difficult type to resolve. | Intraindividual Conflict |
is a method of learning in which assignments must be completed by teams with each team member being assigned a different piece of the project. It has been found to improve intergroup relations, cooperation, and self-esteem as well as academic achievement, especially for members of minority groups. | Jigsaw Method |
According to Byrne's (1971) law of attraction, we are attracted to others who have similar attitudes because interacting with those individuals is more rewarding than interacting with people who have dissimilar attitudes and is, therefore, more likely to generate positive affect. | Law Of Attraction (Byrne) |
Several investigators argue, to understand the effects of racism, it is necessary to recognize that it operates on multiple levels. These levels may be categorized as cultural, institutional, interpersonal, and internalized. | Levels Of Racism |
The research shows that a minority can influence the majority by maintaining a consistent (but not dogmatic) position. | Minority Influence |
Schachter concluded that people like to affiliate most with others who are in similar circumstances (e.g., anxious people prefer to affiliate with other anxious people). | Misery Loves Miserable Company |
Milgram's famous and controversial studies evaluated participants' willingness to obey the direct order or command of a high-status individual (authority) even when doing so seemed to harm another person. | Obedience To Authority (Milgram) |
predicts that, when people are externally rewarded for a task they previously found intrinsically interesting, their intrinsic interest in the task will decrease. | Overjustification Hypothesis |
Zimbardo's prison simulation study demonstrated that people alter their behaviors to fit their assigned roles. | Prison Study |