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Nursing ATI TEAS 7 Test Part 3
This deck covers key concepts and terminologies related to the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, as well as the structure and function of various body parts.
Brachial
arm
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Brachial
arm
Carpal
wrist
Cervical
neck
Respiratory System
transports oxygen into the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory system (main structures)
nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, left and right bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm
Alveoli
tiny, thin-walled air sacs at the ends of the smallest bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Brachial | arm |
Carpal | wrist |
Cervical | neck |
Respiratory System | transports oxygen into the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide |
Respiratory system (main structures) | nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, left and right bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm |
Alveoli | tiny, thin-walled air sacs at the ends of the smallest bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged |
Bronchi | main passageways directly attached to the lungs; they subdivide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles) |
Capillaries | smallest blood vessels made of a single layer of endothelial cells which form networks to connect the arterial and venous systems and exchange materials between blood and the body's tissues. In the lungs they connect with alveoli for gas exchange |
Diaphragm | large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Primary muscle of respiration. With inspiration (inhaling), in contracts and moves down, decreasing pressure and making room for the lungs to expand. With expiration (exhaling), it relaxes and moves up, and air leaves the lungs. |
Diffusion | method of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs. Takes place in the capillaries in the alveoli. Molecules move passively from areas of high to low concentration |
Intercostal muscles | muscles between the ribs that assist with breathing |
Lobe | divisions in the lung. The right lung has 3 and the left lung has 2 |
Trachea | the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs |
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System | moves blood through the body to transport oxygen, nutrients, chemical messengers, and immune molecules and to remove waste |
Closed, Double-loop Circulatory System | transports blood away and back to the heart and connects arteries to veins in tissues via capillaries |
Pulmonary loop | deoxygenated blood goes from the heart's right ventricle to the lungs, where it obtains oxygen and goes into the heart's left atrium |
Systemic loop | oxygenated blood is pumped out of the left ventricle and aorta to deliver oxygen to the body via arteries. The deoxygenated blood which has acquired CO2 is then returned through veins to the right atrium, where it flows into the right ventricle, and the double-loop cycle begins again |
Open Lymphatic System | circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and drains into the circulatory system |
Two Contraction Cycles | systole (contraction of heart muscles) and diastole (relaxation of heart muscles) |
Arteries | thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to body tissues |
Atria | the two upper chambers of the heart |
Lymph | a watery, plasma-like fluid that contains white blood cells. It flows through tissues and vessels, eventually entering the large veins that return to the heart |
Plasma | contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins |
Platelets (thrombocytes) | form blood clots to stop or control bleeding |
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) | contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Valves | flaps of leaflets that prevent blood from flowing backward. The four main heart valves are the tricuspid (between right atrium and right ventricle), pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery), mitral (between left atrium and left ventricle), aortic (between left ventricle and aorta) |
Veins | blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart |
Ventricles | the two lower chambers of the heart |
White Blood Cells (leukocytes) | part of the body's immune system, the defend against infection. Divided into granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes) |
Gastrointestinal/Digestive System | breaks down food and processes nutrients for absorption and distribution |
Digestive System (main structures) | oropharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum,, vermiform appendix, colon (large intestine), rectum, gallbladder, liver, pancreas |
Mechanical Digestion | starts at the mouth, where food is physically broken down and mixed with saliva. The process continues with chemical digestion: Enzymes further break down the food, which moves through the system by peristalsis. Water and many digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine. The large intestine also absorbs water and vitamin k, and the waste products are moved into the rectum for storage before evacuation. |
3 Main Secretions of the Stomach | pepsinogen (chief cells), mucus (goblet cells), and hydrochloric acid (parietal cells) |
Duodenum | the first part of the small intestine, uses alkaline bile (a fluid produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder) to help neutralize chyme, an acidic substance containing gastric juices and partially digested food |
Enzymes | proteins that act as catalyst to expedite the chemical reactions that break down food into usable substances |