Psychological - Chapters 9 and 10 Tests of Intelligence Part 3

Satisfactory psychometric soundness.

Two subtest form

Takes about 15 minutes to administer… compared to 60 mins long form.

Instrument developed in 2 weeks to administer to military personnel.

Tets administered to army recruits who could read. (1917).

It contained tasks such as general information questions, analogies, and scrambled sentences to reassemble.

Army Beta Test designed for administration to foreign bor recruits with poor knowledge of English or to illiterate recruits.

Tasks: mazes, coding & picture completion.

Administered by an assessment unit Office of Strategic Services (OSS)… measured the abilities of more than 12 million recruits.

A screening tool is an instrumnet or procedure used to identify a particular trait or constellation of traits at a gross or imprecise level. Data derived may then may lend to deeper assessments.

Are administered in the military e.g. the Armed Services VocationalAptitude Battery (ASVB).

AND in schools:

e.g. NAPLAN

Test of Fluid Intelligence

Categories:

Series-what comes next?

Classification- which 2 are the odd ones out?

Matrices- which shape is missing?

Conditions- which shape can be placed so it has the same location rules as the dot in the target picture?

Raven's Progressive Matrices

Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory

EQ-I comprises 133 items

e.g. I am in touch with my emotions

I am unable to express my ideas to others

Not suitable for children

Relates to potential for performance, rather than performance
15 factorial components

Self-regard

Emotional self-awareness

Assertiveness

Independence

Self-actualisation

Empathy

Social responsibility

Interpersonal Relationships

Reality Testing

Flexibility

Problem Solving

Stress Tolerance

Impulse Control

Optimism

Happiness

Sample

-Young?

Impaired?

Premorbid?

Cultures?

Reliability and Validity

Essential good psychometric propoerties

Time

What do you want to achieve?

Gold standards.

Epigenetic status has recently been defined as “a stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence.” Such epigenetic ‘heritability’ may occur through either mitosis or meiosis and therefore has the potential to explain at least part of the high heritability of intelligence. Epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in many syndromes associated with mental impairment; e.g. Autism.

The role of epigenetics in human complex traits such as intelligence is difficult to study for a number of reasons. Epigenetic status can be influenced by factors such as diet and alcohol. Therefore, depending on the epigenetic mark of interest, there is a danger of reverse causality, where lifestyle choices linked to intelligence may influence epigenetic status.

Relies on Factor Analysis: ststistical techniques to determine the underlying relationships b/n sets of variables/test scores.

General Assumption:IQ Scores are stable

Schmidt & Hunter (1998) Mental ability strongest predictor of work success

Problem of cause and effect

Some factor may link specific abilities.

Introduced statistical techniques that allowed testing of different theories.

Two factor=

General & Specific Theory of inteligence.

Intelligence= g + (s+e)

General + Specific

Intelligence = g + (s+e)

g - Portion of variance ALL tets have in common

s - Portion of vaiance accounted for by specific components

e- Portion of variance accounted for by error components

Underlying ability plus tests.

"g" represents the portion of variance that all intelligence tests have in common AND the remaining portions of the variance being accounted for either by specific components (s), orby error components (e) of this general factor.

Are tests that exhibit high positive correlations with other intelligence tests.

The greater the magnitude of "g" in a test of intelligence, the better the test thought to predict overall intelligence.

Tests with low or moderate correlations with other intelligence tests were viewed as possible measures of specific factors (e.g. visual or motor ability).

Spearman conceived "g" factor as type of general electrochemical mental energy available to the brain for problem solving.

ALSO associated with facility in thinking of own experience, making observations & extracting principles.

Abstract resoning problems - the best measures of 'g' in formal tests. Greater 'g' greater overall Intelligence.

(Gf) In Cattell's two-factor theory, nonverbal abilities that are relatively less dependent on culture and formal instruction = fluid intelligence.

e.g. ability to think logically, innovative & novel capacities.

(Gc) Crystallized abilities include acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a partcular culture as well as formal & informal education. (e.g. vocabulary)

ALSO retrieval of info & application of general knowledge.

Top Stratum = "g" General Intelligence

Second Stratum = 8 abilities/processes:

Fluid int (Gf)

Crystallized (Gc)

General Memory & Learning (Y)

Broad Visual perception (V)

Broad Auditory Perception (U)

Broad RetrievalCapacity (R)

Broad Cognitive Speediness (S)

Processing/decision speed (T)

Third Stratum = Narrow: Several Level Factors or speed factors. Individual Specific Abilities.p.285

10 Broad stratum abilites and over 70 narrow stratum abilities.

Each broad stratum ability subsuming 2 or more narrow-stratum abilities.

* Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

* Crystallized Int (Gc)

* Quantitative Knowledge (GQ)

* Reading/Writing (Grw)

* Short-term Memory (Gsm)

* Visual Processing (Gv)

* Auditory Processing (Ga)

* Long-term storage & retrieval (Glr)

* Processing speed (Gs)

* Decision/reaction time/speed (Gt)

Flud (Gf) Vs crystallized (Gc) Intelligence

Fluid intelligence peaks around early adulthood.

Crystallized Intelligence steadily inclines and peaksaround mid 60's. More about acquired knowledge and experience.

Crystallized (Gc): Acquired Knowledge & Experience

Vocabulary (Gv)

Reading & Writing (Grw)

Fluid (Gf) non-verbal, culture-free.

Visual processing (Gv)

Auditory Processing (Ga)

Quantitative Processing (Gq)

Speed of Processing (Gs)

Facility with reading & writing (Grw)

Short-term memory (Gsm)

Long-term storage & retrieval (Glr).