Psychological - Week 5 Lecture 5 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence Catherine Part 1

“Intelligence is the capacity to learn & use the skills that are required for successful adaptation to the demands of one’s cultural environment” Wechsler (1961) “The ability to acquire & apply skills & knowledge”

Cultural influence on intelligence the Cultural relativity of who is defined as intelligent

Mid 1800’s - Sir Francis Galton - genius is heredity Early 1900’s - Alfred Binet - modern intelligence test (Binet-Simon Test) 1920’s - Charles Spearman (g & other factors) Lewis Terman (Stanford-Binet test) Mid 1960’s onwards - David Wechsler (WAIS)

-Whether intelligence is unitary (one thing) or a composite of several independent abilities

The Factor Analytical Approach AKA Psychometric Approach 2. The Information Processing Approach 3. Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

IQ Scores are generally stable IQ Scores are considered valid -Mental ability is the strongest predictor of work success (Schmidt & Hunter, 1998) -though having a high IQ doesn’t guarantee success *Some factors may link specific abilities: Comprehension, arithmetic, vocabulary, information processing correlate

Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory (g) Carroll’s Three-Strata Theory *The Carroll-Horne-Cattell (CHC) Model

Spearman was the first theorist to postulate the theory of general intelligence Spearman introduced statistical techniques that allowed for testing of different/ competing theories Spearman proposed a Two-Factor (GENERAL + SPECIFIC) theory of intelligence Spearman stated that Intelligence = g + (s + e) NB: g is variance all tests have in common; s = specific component; e = error

g is Fluid (Gf) vs Crystallised (Gc) intelligence Fluid intelligence peaks in young adulthood Fluid intelligence is about creativity, flexible thinking, problem solving abilities Crystallised peaks around 50-60 years of age Crystallised intelligence is ability to learn & retain facts & knowledge Fluid and Crystallised intelligence overlap: if you have strong fluid intelligence, you are likely to have solid crystallised intelligence too

It is unclear if general intelligence (g) is a marker of how neural networks process efficiently (AKA Neural Efficiency) g is thought to include motivation, attitude, effort, etc., as well as fluid & crystallised intelligence *Nevertheless, the validity & practically of g is strong (according to the slide!)

Gv = Visual Processing Ga = Auditory Processing Gq = Quantitative Processing Gs = Speed of Processing Grw = Reading & Writing Gsm = Short Term Memory Processing Glr = Long Term Memory Processing

Strata II contains Broad skills: Fluid Crystallised General Memory & Learning Broad Visual Perception Broad Auditory Perception Broad Retrieval Ability Broad Cognitive Speediness Processing Speed

Strata III: Generalised intelligence Strata II: Broad Intelligence (8 kinds) Strata I: Narrow intelligence (individual specific abilities) Strata I is dependent on Strata II (broad skill); which likewise, is dependent on Strata III (Generalised skill)

The CHC Model of cognitive ability has grown Schneider & McGrew (2012) highlight the complexity of modern day intelligence taxonomies The CHC model comprises 10 broad abilities with 70 narrow abilities sitting under them In this model there is no measure of g as they are unable to measure it *The do believe g exists - it sits at the top of the model “untapped” with the 10 broad abilities coming from it

Gc = Crystalised Comprehension Knowledge Gf = Fluid Reasoning (Horn:) Gq = Quantitative Knowledge Gv = Visual Processing Ga = Auditory Processing Gs = Processing Speed Grw = Reading & writing Gsm = Short-term memory Glr = Long-term Storage & Retrieval Gt = Reaction & Decision Speed —————————- Gkn = Domain Specific Knowledge Gps = Psychomotor Speed Go = Olfactory Abilities Gh = Tactile Abilities Gk = Kinaesthetic Abilities Gp = Psychomotor Abilities

Acquired knowledge Memory (Learning & retrieval) Motor abilities General Speed

Domain Independent general capacities Sensory Motor Domain Specific Abilities

Theory of Multiple Intelligences No Single over-arching intelligence (g) *Eight independent intelligences

This theory looks at how intelligence is acquired: 1. Meta-components (Planning & Monitoring) 2. Performance Components (administrating & using instructions) 3. Knowledge-Acquisition Components (Learning & Knowing what to do in the first place)

It is not as accepted in the literature as the CHC model Simultaneous and successive processing (Luria) Low level ability affects higher order cognitions Triarchic Theory of intelligence (Sternberg)