Psychological - Week 5 Lecture 5 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence Catherine Part 2
When choosing an intelligence test, consider the sample characteristics (e.g., age, cognitive impairments, pre-morbid functioning), the test’s reliability and validity, the time available for testing, your specific goals, and which tests are recognized as the gold standards in the field.
Give a brief history of the evolution of the Factor Analytic Approach to intelligence including Spearman, Cattell & Horne, Carroll, & the CHC Model
Spearman: intelligence = g + (s + e) g = general intelligence (found when 2 tests overlap), s = specific abilities, e = error Cattell & Horn: Gf (fluid), Gc (crystallised) & 7 specific intelligences Carroll’s 3 strata model: I = General; II = 8 Broad; III = Specific abilities Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Model: g = present but can’t measure Broad = 10; Narrow = 70 (functional & conceptual groupings)
Key Terms
Give a brief history of the evolution of the Factor Analytic Approach to intelligence including Spearman, Cattell & Horne, Carroll, & the CHC Model
Spearman: intelligence = g + (s + e) g = general intelligence (found when 2 tests overlap), s = specific abilities, e = error Cattell & Horn: G...
Name the 8 independent intelligences of Gardener’s Theory of Multiple intelligences
Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Musical Bodily-Kinaesthetic Spatial Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist
Name the main issues of Gardener’s Theory of Multiple intelligences
Is Gardener’s theory tapping ability or intelligence? No Empirical Support for Gardener’s view (currently) *Gardener’s theory has rekindle...
The Nature versus Nurture debate was one of the early views of Intelligence. What are the key points of the Nature Debate?
Francis Galton argued that Genius is Heredity Distinguished men are born not made
The Nature versus Nurture debate was one of the early views of Intelligence. What are the key points of the Nurture Debate?
Alphonse de Candolle (1872) argued that heredity was overstated Argued that heredity ignored the crucial role of upbringing & family
What is the modern view of Intelligence with regard the Nature versus Nurture debate?
The field of Epigenetics is the study of how the environment influences our genetics. *Nature and Nurture are now known to interact - our genes are...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Give a brief history of the evolution of the Factor Analytic Approach to intelligence including Spearman, Cattell & Horne, Carroll, & the CHC Model | Spearman: intelligence = g + (s + e) g = general intelligence (found when 2 tests overlap), s = specific abilities, e = error Cattell & Horn: Gf (fluid), Gc (crystallised) & 7 specific intelligences Carroll’s 3 strata model: I = General; II = 8 Broad; III = Specific abilities Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Model: g = present but can’t measure Broad = 10; Narrow = 70 (functional & conceptual groupings) |
Name the 8 independent intelligences of Gardener’s Theory of Multiple intelligences | Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Musical Bodily-Kinaesthetic Spatial Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist |
Name the main issues of Gardener’s Theory of Multiple intelligences | Is Gardener’s theory tapping ability or intelligence? No Empirical Support for Gardener’s view (currently) *Gardener’s theory has rekindled the debate about unitary versus multifaceted human intelligence |
The Nature versus Nurture debate was one of the early views of Intelligence. What are the key points of the Nature Debate? | Francis Galton argued that Genius is Heredity Distinguished men are born not made |
The Nature versus Nurture debate was one of the early views of Intelligence. What are the key points of the Nurture Debate? | Alphonse de Candolle (1872) argued that heredity was overstated Argued that heredity ignored the crucial role of upbringing & family |
What is the modern view of Intelligence with regard the Nature versus Nurture debate? | The field of Epigenetics is the study of how the environment influences our genetics. *Nature and Nurture are now known to interact - our genes are modified, change and develop dependent on our life experience |
What factors influence our intelligence? | Genetics (from our parents) The Environment Opportunities Interaction between our genetics & the environment |
In what ways is our intelligence shaped by nature? | Certain characteristics (personality, intelligence) are biologically based (i.e. innate) -characteristics transmitted this way are described as heritable -genotypes versus phenotype heritability estimates the proportion of the phenotypic variance (the behaviour) that can be accounted for by genetic variance *Heritability is a slippery concept much misunderstood |
What are some key points about heritability | Genotype is the genetic make-up, something in your genes Phenotype is the outward manifestation of that gene in observable behaviour *When we talk about heritability estimates, it is the proportion of phenotypic variance (observed behaviour) that can be accounted for by the genetic variance |
What are some key points about heritability | Genotype is the genetic make-up, something in your genes Phenotype is the outward manifestation of that gene in observable behaviour *When we talk about heritability estimates, it is the proportion of phenotypic variance (observed behaviour) that can be accounted for by the genetic variance |
Name the three approaches or scientific studies into the heritability of IQ? | Family Design -correlation with 1st degree relatives -cannot disentangle environment Adoption Studies -1st degree siblings reared apart -biologically unrelated relatives reared together -identical twins reared apart *Twin designs -identical (monozygotic MZ, share 100% DNA) reared together -Non-identical /fraternal (dizygotic, DZ, share 50% DNA) twins reared together |
Name the three approaches or scientific studies into the heritability of IQ? | Family Design -correlation with 1st degree relatives -cannot disentangle environment Adoption Studies -1st degree relatives reared apart -biologically unrelated relatives reared together -identical twins reared apart *Twin designs -identical (monozygotic MZ, share 100% DNA) reared together -Non-identical /fraternal (dizygotic, DZ) twins reared together |
What are the main (correlational) findings of the adoptive studies into heritability? | Adoption Studies -identical (MZ) twins reared apart: .78 (high - strong argument for genetic influence of intelligence) -1st degree Siblings reared apart: .24 (low) |
What are the main (correlational) findings of the twin studies into heritability? | Twin designs -identical (Mz) twins reared together: .86 (high) -Non-identical (DZ) twins reared together: .60 (?) |
What are the main (correlational) findings of the twin studies into heritability? | Twin designs -identical (monozygotic MZ, share 100% DNA) reared together -Non-identical /fraternal (dizygotic, DZ, share 50% DNA) twins reared together |
What are the results of Family, Adoption & Twin Studies? | Photo |
What have the twin studies taught us? | The genetic influence on intelligence is significant -low to no heritability when not genetically related; high heritability with identical twins The effect of environment explains some variance The effect of shared environment on IQ scores decreases with age -strikingly different correlations in IQ between unrelated children (.32) and unrelated adolescents & young adults (.02) Was Galton correct? (to some extent) |
What are the key points involved in epigenetics? | Epigenetic tags sit on the gene and can turn the gene on or off without interfering with the underlying genetic code on the genome The epigenome is the gene expression pattern, whcih is shaped by the environment At fertilisation, most, but not all epigenetic tags are removed As the embryo develops the epigenome of each twin is similar, but signals from the environment activate the epigenetic tags causing differences between the twins. *Diet, exercise, environment, drug use and so on influence the epigenetic tags on each twin uniquely leading to individual differences in each twin |
What are the key genetic influences on environmental measures? | *The parental influence on intelligence -cannot separate the individual from the environment e.g. is parent's reading to children nature or nurture? |
What are the main tests used for testing intelligence? | Children's testing -The Binet-Simon Test & Stanford-Binet -Generation of IQ Adult's testing: -Wechsler Adult intelligence scale (WAIS) -Verbal (GK, Vocab, Comprehension, Arithmetic) -Performance (Object assembly, Picture completion) -Cattell's Culture Fair test - non-verbal IQ -Progressive Matrices |