Psychology - Chapter 1 Terms to Know Part 2

All good theories stand a great risk of being proven wrong, but escape unscathed.

The ability for a scientific study to be repeated, either exactly or more commonly with a different subset of conditions (ex: rats to humans), and produce similar results.

Required trained observers to carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences.Important in structuralism.

Early theoretical framework of psychology developed by Edward Bradford titchener which aimed to identify the basic elements, or “structures” of psychological experience.

Proponents of functionalism aimed to understand the adaptive purposes, or functions, of psychological characteristics, such as thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

Developed by Charles Darwin, a theory that explains that certain phenotypic traits are directly selected for due to an increase in relative fitness.

Focuses on uncovering the general principles of learning underlying human and animal behaviour.

Focuses not merely on rewards and punishments, but on an organisms' interpretation of them.

Examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking.

Focuses on internal psychological processes, especially impulses, thoughts, and memories of which we are not aware. Unconscious drives such as sexuality and aggression, are primary influences on behaviour, rather than punishment and reward. (Sigmund Freud)

A discipline that applies Darwin's theory of Natural Selection to human and animal behaviour. Assumption that many psychological systems serve key adaptive functions.

Research that examines how the mind works.

Research that examines how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems.

The fact that we mutually influence each other's behaviour.

In an emic study, investigators study the behaviour of a culture from the perspective of the "native" or insider.

In an etic study, investigators study the behaviour of a culture from the perspective of an outsider.

The premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation.

Review from other scholars in the same field for validity of a scholarly article.

Refusal to have a theory altered or disproven.

Model used to test the terror management theory, which studies the extent to which thoughts of death are foremost in our minds.

Traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions.

Error of using our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim.

Error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it.

Error of believing that we're immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people.

People are aware of others' biases but not their own.

Pseudoscientific treatments for mental disorders can lead people to forgo opportunities to seek effective treatment.

Pseudoscientific treatments sometimes do dreadful harm to those who receive them causing psychological or physical damage.

If two explanations account equally well for a phenomenon, we should generally select the simplest of the both.

Associated with behaviourism, we know what goes in and what goes out, but not what happens inside. More objective as a science.

The term used to describe the mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking.

Examines the relationship between brain functioning and emotion.

Mistakes stemming from the subconscious. Ex: calling a professor mom.

The extent to which a trait increase sexual reproduction potential.