Psychology - Chapter 13 - Important Concepts
Research shows that people often believe others are more susceptible to social influence than they are themselves. This bias, known as the third-person effect, reflects our tendency to see ourselves as independent thinkers while underestimating how much social pressure affects our own attitudes and behaviors.
Research shows that we tend to believe that others, but not ourselves, are vulnerable to _______ influence.
social
Key Terms
Research shows that we tend to believe that others, but not ourselves, are vulnerable to _______ influence.
social
What are cliques?
Groups that include in-group members and exclude out-group members.
According to Antrhopologist Robin Dunbar, what is the approximate size of most human social groups?
150 people
_____ proposed that our highly social brains are predisposed to forming interpersonal netweorks that are large, but with a ______.
Dunbar
limit
Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections.
Need to belong theory
According to the need to belong theory, we seek out ______ bonds when we can, and suffer negative ________ and _______ consequences when we cannot.
social
psychological, physical
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Research shows that we tend to believe that others, but not ourselves, are vulnerable to _______ influence. | social |
What are cliques? | Groups that include in-group members and exclude out-group members. |
According to Antrhopologist Robin Dunbar, what is the approximate size of most human social groups? | 150 people |
_____ proposed that our highly social brains are predisposed to forming interpersonal netweorks that are large, but with a ______. | Dunbar limit |
Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections. | Need to belong theory |
According to the need to belong theory, we seek out ______ bonds when we can, and suffer negative ________ and _______ consequences when we cannot. | social psychological, physical |
What supports the need to belong theory? | Research on inmates in solitary confinement suffer from more mood and anxiety problems fMRI scans threat of social isolation leads us to behave in self-destructive ways and evn impair our mental functioning |
fMRI scans indicate that upon experiencing the sting of social rejection, participants displayed pronounced activation in a brain region called the _________ _________, which becomes active during ________ _______. | cingulate cortex physical pain |
Virtually all social influence processes are ________ under most circumstances | adaptive |
When we compare ourselves to people who seem superior to us in some way, we engage in what? | Upward social comparison |
When we compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us in some way, we engage in what? | Downward social comparison |
Describe the phenomena of social contagion. | Social behaviour is often contagious. |
Phenonemon in which many people simultaneously come to be convinced of bizarre things that are false. | collective dellusions |
When are we most likely to engage in social comparison? | When a situation is ambiguous |
Differentiate between internal and external attributions. | Internal - behaviour due to traits External - due to situational factors |
When are we less likely to engage in the fundamental attribution error? | If we have been in a similar situation ourselves If we have been encouraged to be empathetic toward others |
The fundamental attribution error is peculiar in that we only use it when…? | we explain OTHER’s behaviours |
Describe a study that provided support for the fundamental attribution error. | Study that had debaters read randomly assigned speeches - pro or against Castro. Participants were more likely to consider those who read pro-Castro as communist sympathizers even when knowing the roles were randomly assigned. |
Describe a study that provided support for the fundamental attribution error. | Study that had debaters read randomly assigned speeches - pro or against Castro. Participants were more likely to consider those who read pro-Castro as communist sympathizers even when knowing the roles were randomly assigned. |
What cultures are more/less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error? | Japanese/Chines - less likely NA - more likely |
Which researcher completed the first studies on conformity | Asch studies - line lengths |
undercover agents of the researcher | confederates |
What were the different independent variables affected conformity rates? | Unanimity Difference in the wrong answer Size |
With increases in unanimity, there were increases in _______. If someone gave an equally wrong, but different answer, conformity rates _______. The size of the majority makes a difference up to a certain point (- people), after which it doesnt matter. | conformity plummeted (decreased) 5-6 |
Curiously, when Asch asked participants to their answers, conformity rates almost completely disappeared. | write |
Conforming behaviour is associated with activation in the , and also in the and _ lobes. | amygdala | parietal, occipital lobes |
Who completed deindividuation studies? | Zimbardo - Stanford prison study |
Deindividuated individuals are more vulnerable to . | conformity |
What are the most prominent factors contributing to deindividuation? | Feeling of anonymity | Lack of individual responsibility |
An attempt to replicate the prison study was _. What does it suggests? | unsuccessful - suggests that the effects of deindividuation are not inevitable |
What is another explanation for the results of the stanford prison study? | Demand characteristics |
A loss of identity actually makes people more likely to engage in behaviour when others are _ out. | prosocial, helping |
People in crowds typically their social interactions to conflict. | limit, minimize |
What is the phenomenon in which groups sometimes become so intent on ensuring that everyone agrees with everyone else that they lose their capacity to evaluate issues objectively. | groupthink |
Research shows that when groups combine information from members, they typically rely on knowledge rather than _ knowledge | common, unique |
What are some real life examples of groupthink? | NASA space shuttle challenger | Walkerton E. coli water contamination |
Seeking group concensus isnt always a bad idea, but doing so before all of the _ is available, is | evidence |
What are the best ways to avoid groupthink? | Encourage dissent Have independent experts evaluate the decision Hold follow up meetings |
How do cults promote groupthink? | 1 - Persuasive leader 2 - Disconnect members from the outside world 3 - Discouraging questioning of group assumptions 4 - Establish training practices that gradually indoctrinate members |
Contrary to popular belief, most cult members are psychologically . Sucicide bombers are not _ disorderd. All cult members are not _. | normal mentally brainswashed |
What is the best defense to cult indoctrination? | Inoculation |
Cults acquire their influence from a potent combination of both and . | conformity, obedience |
Which study investigated obedience | Stanlye Milgram Paradigm |
What were the key takeaways from the Milgram Paradigm? | The greater the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter, the less the obedience. Increase in psychological distance between teacher and learner led to higher obedience rates |
What were the predictors of obedience in the Milgram Paradigm? | Level of moral development (negative correlation) | People with high levels of authoritarianism are more likely to comply. |
Erroneous belief that bystanders did not help simply because they did not care. | Bystander apathy |
What is the major limitation that pluralistic ignorance suggests is the issue to intervening? | First recognizing that a situation is indeed an emergency |
Pluralistic ignorance is a very good explanation for ___ situations. | ambiguous |
What were the Darley and Latane bystander non-intervention studies? | Participants were faced with: 1 - Smoke filling a room 2 - The sound of a woman falling off a ladder 3 - Responding to what sounded like a person having an epileptic seizure |
People in _ countries are more susceptible to social loafing. | individualistic |
What is the best antidote to social loafing? | Make sure everyone in the group is identifiable |
Can we sometimes egnage in GENUINE altruism? | yes |
People are more likely to help others when they, themselves, cannot the situation. | escape |
What type of people are more likely to help in emergencies? | People in a good mood Extroverts Those with lifesaving skills People who throw social approval out the window |
Phenomenon that we are especially likely to lash out aggressively towards those who provoked us. | Interpersonal provocation |
External cues related to violence that makes us more likely to act violently in response to provocation. | aggressive cues |
, a situation when our ANS is hyped up, makes us more likely to be aggresive. | arousal |
_ and other drugs and increases in makes us more likely to act aggressively. | Alcohol | Temperature |
What are personality traits that increases aggresion? | negative emotions (irritabiliy/mistrust), impulsivity lack of closeness to others |
What is the sex difference in aggression? | higher levels of physical aggresiveness in males | Females display higher relational aggression |
What are cultural differences in physical aggression? | Asian individuals have lower rates than western individuals |
What is a culture of honour? | People from the Southern US are more likely to adhere to a culture of honour - defend one's reputation in the face of perceived insults. |
Conclusion regarding factual evidence. | Belief |