Psychology - Chapter 7 Learning, Important Concepts
The paradox of memory refers to the idea that while memory is generally reliable and helps us function effectively, it can also be surprisingly inaccurate. Our memories can distort or create false information, showing that the same system that aids us can also mislead us.
What is the paradox of memory?
Our memory serves us well in some cases, can cause us problems in other cases.
Key Terms
What is the paradox of memory?
Our memory serves us well in some cases, can cause us problems in other cases.
What is hyperthemestic syndrome?
Incredibly sound memory
What is an observer memory?
Memory in which we see ourselves as an outsider would.
What is a field memory?
Seeing the memory through your eyes, i.e. in the first person
What are the three systems of memory?
SM, STM, LTM
What is the method of partial report?
Flashing many letters at once but telling participants to only focus on a single row, drastically increasing recall.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the paradox of memory? | Our memory serves us well in some cases, can cause us problems in other cases. |
What is hyperthemestic syndrome? | Incredibly sound memory |
What is an observer memory? | Memory in which we see ourselves as an outsider would. |
What is a field memory? | Seeing the memory through your eyes, i.e. in the first person |
What are the three systems of memory? | SM, STM, LTM |
What is the method of partial report? | Flashing many letters at once but telling participants to only focus on a single row, drastically increasing recall. |
What is eidetic imagery? | Photographic memory which, may be to to unnaturally long lasting iconic memory. |
What is working memory? | Our ability to hold onto information we’re currently thinking about or attending to. |
What is the physiological evidence for decay? | Formation of new neurons in the hippocampus leads to decay of memories in that brain region. |
Decay and interference play a role in ____ memory loss. | Short term |
STM varies on two major planes, what are they? | span and duration |
What are the three levels of processing of verbal information? | visual, phonological, semantic |
Long term memory errors tend to be _______, based on the meaning of the information received. | semantic |
STM errors tend to be ______, based on the sound of the information we’ve received. | acoustic |
The primacy effect is most likely due to _________? | LTM |
The recency effect is most likely attributable to _________? | STM |
What are the three major processes of memory? | encoding, storage, retrieval |
Many of our memory failures are errors of ______? | encoding |
Attention plays a crucial role in _______? | encoding |
What is the pegword method? | Rhyming mnemonic |
What is the method of loci? | Location mnemonic |
What is the keyword method? | ability to think of an english word that reminds you of a the word in a different language, mnemonic |
To be useful, mnemonics must be ________ a lot. | Practiced |
Schemas tend to __________ ___________, leading to the memory paradox. | Oversimplify reality |
Many types of forgetting stem from failures in __. | Retrieval |
What is easier? Recall or recongnition? | Recongnition |
What are the three methods of measuring memory? | Recall, recognition, relearning |
What is the testing effect? | Testing oneself on information one's learned is more effective than simply going over it repeatedly. |
What is the engram? | Physical trace of each memory in the brain. |
What NT is associated with LTP? | Glutamate |
What receptors are associated with LTP? | AMPA and NMDA |
LTP plays a key role in _ and the hippocampus plays a key role in . | i. learning | ii. memory |
H.M. suffered from what? | anterograde amnesia |
H.M. had the hippocampi removed. He lost the ability to make __ but not memories. | i. explicit | ii. implicit |
Damage to the amygdala leads to recall of _ memory and not memory fear stimulus. | i. episodic | ii. semantic |
Damage to the hippocampus leads to recall of _ memory and not memory of fear stimulus. | i. semantic | ii. episodic |
What is propanolol? | Blocks the effects of adrenaline on beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to lack of recall of emotional memories. |
What is dementia? | severe memory loss |
A treatment for Alzheimer's includes a boost in the amount of ? | Acetylcholine |
People who are are less prone to Alzheimer's. | Active |
What is event plausibility? | If an event is plausible, then it is more likely to be in accordance with the misinformation effect. |
What is weapon focus? | When a crime involves a weapon, people tend to focus more on that than the perpetrators' features. |
What are the seven sins of memory. (Hint: use the mnemonic Smart Moms Believe That People Balance Apples) | S-suggestibility increases the misinformation effect M-misattribution, suggestions are often effective since they lead us to misattribute memories to incorrect sources. B-bias, schemas can bias memories T-transience, memories fade with time P-persistence, important events can linger in our memory B-blocking, temporary inability to access information A-absentmindedness, forgetting something due to innatention or focus elsewhere. |