Sensation and Perception: Chapter 12
This flashcard set delves into how we locate and organize sounds. It covers interaural level differences and acoustic shadows as localization cues, findings from neural studies on spatial hearing, and the role of timbre similarity in auditory stream segregation—highlighting how the brain groups and distinguishes sound sources.
Interaural level differences are a cue to auditory localization because the
person’s head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents high-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear
Key Terms
Interaural level differences are a cue to auditory localization because the
person’s head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents high-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear
Recanzone (2000) examined localization in A1 and the auditory belt area in monkeys. Results indicated that
the belt area provides more specific localization then A1
The importance of similarity of timbre as auditory grouping principle has been supported by
auditory stream segregation
McAlpine’s research on gerbils provides evidence for
broadly tuned ITD neurons
Infant studies reveal that the dominant stress patterns of their native language can influence perception grouping by
7 months of age
Some people who are blind are able to use echolocation to locate objects and perceive shapes by making clicking noises and listening to the reverberations. When expert echolocators use this technique
the clicking sounds activate the auditory and visual cortices
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Interaural level differences are a cue to auditory localization because the | person’s head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents high-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear |
Recanzone (2000) examined localization in A1 and the auditory belt area in monkeys. Results indicated that | the belt area provides more specific localization then A1 |
The importance of similarity of timbre as auditory grouping principle has been supported by | auditory stream segregation |
McAlpine’s research on gerbils provides evidence for | broadly tuned ITD neurons |
Infant studies reveal that the dominant stress patterns of their native language can influence perception grouping by | 7 months of age |
Some people who are blind are able to use echolocation to locate objects and perceive shapes by making clicking noises and listening to the reverberations. When expert echolocators use this technique | the clicking sounds activate the auditory and visual cortices |
Interaural time difference detectors | have been found in the monkey auditory cortex that responds best to specific delays |
Patient J.G. has temporal lobe damage. While this has not affected his ability to locate sounds, he has difficulty recognizing sounds. This case provides evidence for | what and where pathways in audition |
Vision: figure-ground segregation :: Audition: ________________. | auditory scene analysis |
The time that it takes a sound to decrease to ____ of its original level is the reverberation time. | 1/1000th |
If there is an interaural time difference, we interpret the sound as coming from | the side |
Auditory grouping can be accomplished by | similarity of timbre. |
The ___________ is composed of the locations where the ILD and ITD are the same. | cone of confusion |
The “S” in the S/N ratio in a classroom is the: | level of teachers voice |
Warren et al. presented listeners with tones that were either (1) interrupted with silent gaps; or (2) interrupted with silent gaps with noise. The results showed | the noise condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone |
The ______ is the dominant cue for locating low-frequency sounds along the azimuth. | ITD |
Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law ________. | similarity of pitch |
The horizontal axis in auditory localization is called the | azimuth |
In the precedence effect, the sound from the far speaker | contributes to the richness of sound |
The cue of interaural level difference is | not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli |
The anecdote about the construction of New York’s Philharmonic Hall demonstrates that | an ideal reverberation time does not always predict good acoustics |
McAlpine’s research on gerbils provides evidence for | broadly tuned ITD neurons |
The ideal S/N ratio in a classroom is _____ db. | +10 to +15 |
The ____ is important for binaural localization because it is where signals from the left and right ears first meet. | superior olivary nucleus |
The principle of auditory grouping called is responsible for melody schema. | experience |
Spectral cues for auditory localization are provided by | the head position and the pinnae |
Coincidence detectors | fire when the ITD equals 0 |
Garner and Garner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae | makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate |
Sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off a wall or a floor is called | indirect sound |
The major concern involved in architectural acoustics is how | indirect sound changes sound quality |
The ideal reverberation time for a small classroom is | about 500 milliseconds |
The precedence effect is | the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker |