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Theories of Personality: Rotter and Mischel
This deck covers key concepts from the theories of personality by Rotter and Mischel, focusing on cognitive and social learning theories, behavior potential, and cognitive-affective personality systems.
Theory that states that cognitive factors help shape how people react to environmental forces; one’s expectations of the future events are prime determinants of performance
Cognitive Social learning theory
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Theory that states that cognitive factors help shape how people react to environmental forces; one’s expectations of the future events are prime determinants of performance
Cognitive Social learning theory
Holds that human behavior is based largely on the interaction of people with meaningful environments; Rotter’s theory
Social learning theory
Assumes that people choose a course of action that advances them toward an anticipated goal
empirical law of effect
The possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement
behavior potential
A function of both expectancy and reinforcement value
Behavior potential
Their confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behavior in a specific situation/s.
expectancy
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Theory that states that cognitive factors help shape how people react to environmental forces; one’s expectations of the future events are prime determinants of performance | Cognitive Social learning theory |
Holds that human behavior is based largely on the interaction of people with meaningful environments; Rotter’s theory | Social learning theory |
Assumes that people choose a course of action that advances them toward an anticipated goal | empirical law of effect |
The possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement | behavior potential |
A function of both expectancy and reinforcement value | Behavior potential |
Their confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behavior in a specific situation/s. | expectancy |
Based on previous experiences with a particular response or similar responses and based on beliefs that certain behaviors will be followed by positive reinforcement | generalized expectancies |
A person’s preference for any particular reinforcement over other reinforcements if all are equally likely to occur | reinforcement value |
Suggest that the value of an event is a function of one’s expectation that a particular reinforcement will lead to future reinforcements | reinforcement-reinforcement sequences |
Complex pattern of cues that a person perceives during a specific time period | psychological situation |
States that the potential for a behavior to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of people’s expectancy that the behavior will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation | Basic prediction formula |
Expectations based on similar past experiences that a given behavior will be reinforced | Generalized expectancies |
Any behavior or set of behaviors that people see as moving them in direction of a goal | needs |
3 components of needs | need potential, freedom of movement, need value |
States that need potentail is a function of freedom of movement and need value | General prediction formula |
Rotter’s 2 most famous scales for measureing generalized expectancies | internal-external control scale and interpersonal trust scale |
Measures the extent to which a person expects the word or promise of another person to be true | Interpersonal trust scale |
Arises from a combination of high need value and and low freedom of movement | maladaptive behavior |
goal of therapy | to achieve harmony between a client’s freedom of movement and need value |
Theory that states that behavior stems from relatively stable personal dispositions and cognitive affective processes interacting with a particular situation | Cognitive-affective personality theory |
Refers to the observation that although both laypeople and professionals tend to believe that behavior is quite consistent, research suggests that it is not. (magdepend ang trait sa situation, varies) | Consistency paradox |
Behavior is the result of people’s perceptions of themselves in a particular situation (if-then) | Person-situation interaction |
Unique and stable pattern of behaving differently in different situations | behavioral signature of personality |
Personality may have temporal stability and that behaviors may vary from situation to situation | behavior prediction |
Include all those stimuli that people attend to in a given situation | situational variables |
Include all those psychological, social and physiological aspects of people that permit them to interact with their environment | cognitive affective units |
5 cognitive-affective units | encoding strategies
competencies and self-regulatory strategies
expectancies and beliefs
behavior-outcome expectancy
stimulus-outcome expectancy
goals and values
affective responses |
Acquired set of beliefs about our performance abilities | cognitive competencies |
One of the most important of these consistencies is ___, which Mischel argues is responsible for the apparent consistency of other traits | intelligence |
Predicts that a person's behavior will change from situation to situation but in a meaningful manner | Cognitive-affective personality system |
Rotter and mischel see people as goal-directed, cognitive animals whose perceptions of events are more crucial than the events themselves. | concept of humanity |
A test where children want reward and resist temptation; delay of gratification | Marshmallow test |