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USMLE - GI Flashcards Part 1

Education25 CardsCreated 20 days ago

This deck covers key concepts related to gastrointestinal development and anomalies, including embryology, anatomical structures, and clinical presentations relevant to the USMLE.

Foregut develops into

Pharynx to duodenum
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Foregut develops into
Pharynx to duodenum
Midgut develops into…
duodenum to transverse colon
Hindgut develops into…
Distal transverse colon to the rectum
Developmental Defect of Anterior Abdominal Wall Due to Failure of Rostal Fold Closure: Lateral Fold Closure: Caudal Fold Closure:
Rostal Fold Closure: Sternal Defects Lateral Fold Closure: Omphalocele, Gastroschisis Caudal Fold Closure: Bladder Exstrophy
Duodenal atresia What is it? Genetics? Presentation XR
Failure to Recanalize Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Early bilious vomiting with proximal stomach distention “Double Bubble” on XR
Jejunal, Ilial, or Colonic Atresia What causes them?
Vascular accident (apple peel atresia)

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TermDefinition
Foregut develops into
Pharynx to duodenum
Midgut develops into…
duodenum to transverse colon
Hindgut develops into…
Distal transverse colon to the rectum
Developmental Defect of Anterior Abdominal Wall Due to Failure of Rostal Fold Closure: Lateral Fold Closure: Caudal Fold Closure:
Rostal Fold Closure: Sternal Defects Lateral Fold Closure: Omphalocele, Gastroschisis Caudal Fold Closure: Bladder Exstrophy
Duodenal atresia What is it? Genetics? Presentation XR
Failure to Recanalize Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Early bilious vomiting with proximal stomach distention “Double Bubble” on XR
Jejunal, Ilial, or Colonic Atresia What causes them?
Vascular accident (apple peel atresia)
Timing of midgut development
6th week: Midgut Herniates through umbilical ring 10th week: Returns to abdominal cavity and rotates around SMA
Gastroschisis What is it? Peritoneum?
Extrusion of the abdominal contents through the abdominal folds; not covered by peritoneum
Omphalocele What is it? Peritoneum?
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord; covered by peritoneum
Most common Tracheoesophageal anomaly?
Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (85%)
Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula Presentation XR Cyanosis? Clinical test?
Drooling, choking, vomiting with first feeding Air in stomach visible on XR (TEF allows air into stomach) Cyanosis secondary to laryngospasms (to avoid reflux-related aspiration) Clinical test: failure to pass NG tube into stomach
H type Tracheoesophageal anomaly
Fistula alone
CXR in pure atresia type Tracheoesophageal anomaly?
In pure atresia (esophageal atresia only) CXR shows gasless abdomen
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis What causes it? Presentation? Physical exam? Treatment Occurrence? More often in...
Hypertrophy of pylorus Nonbilious projectile vomiting at 2 weeks of age Palpable olive mass in epigastric region Surgical incision Occurs 1/600 live births More often in first born males
Pancreas Derived from
Foregut
Ventral Pancreatic bud contributes to
Pancreatic head and main pancreatic duct
Uncinate process of pancreas formed by the
Ventral bud alone
Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes
Body, tail, isthmus and accessory pancreatic duct
Annular Pancreas What is it? What may it cause?
Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum May cause duodenal narrowing
Pancreas divisum
Ventral and dorsal parts of pancreas fail to fuse at 8 weeks
Where does the spleen arise from? What kind of tissue is this? Where does it get its blood supply from?
Arises in mesentery of stomach Mesodermal tissue Supplied by foregut (celiac artery)
Do retroperitoneal structures have a mesentery?
No
Injuries to retroperitoneal structures can cause
Blood or gas accumulation in the retroperitoneal space
List of Retroperitoneal Structures
"SAD PUCKER" Suprarenal gland (adrenal) Aorta and IVC Duodenum (2nd and 3rd parts) Pancreas (except the tail) Ureters Colon (descending and ascending) Kidneys Esophagus (lower 2/3) Rectum (lower 2/3)
Falciform Ligament Connects Structures Contained Derivative of
Connects liver to abdominal wall Contains ligamentum teres hepatis (from fetal umbilical vein) Derivative of ventral mesentery