Back to AI Flashcard MakerEducation /USMLE - GI Flashcards Part 5
Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide AKA Source Location of Source Exocrine Endocrine Regulation
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) K cells in duodenum and jejunum Exocrine: ↓ Gastric H secretion Endocrine: ↑ insulin release Secretion is ↑ by FA, AA, and oral glucose
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide AKA Source Location of Source Exocrine Endocrine Regulation
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) K cells in duodenum and jejunum Exocrine: ↓ Gastric H secretion Endocrine: ↑ insulin release Secretion is ↑ by FA, AA...
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Source Location of Source Action Regulation
Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and SI ↑ intestinal water and electrolyte secretion and ↑ relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle an...
VIPoma Kind of cells Presentation
non-α, non-β islet pancreatic tumors secrete VIP "WDHA" Copious Watery Diarrhea, HypoK, and Achlorhydria (no gastric acid produced)
Nitric Oxide Actions in GI tract Especially present in Implicated in what disorder
Smooth muscles relaxation Especially in lower esophageal sphincter Loss of NO secretion is implicated in achalasia
Motilin Location of Source Action Regulation Agonists? Uses of agonists?
Small Intestine Produced migrating motor complexes Secretion ↑ in fasting state Agonists like erythromycin used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis
Intrinsic Factor Source Location of Source Action
Parietal Cells in Stomach (Body) | Vit B12 binding protein
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide AKA Source Location of Source Exocrine Endocrine Regulation | Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) K cells in duodenum and jejunum Exocrine: ↓ Gastric H secretion Endocrine: ↑ insulin release Secretion is ↑ by FA, AA, and oral glucose |
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Source Location of Source Action Regulation | Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and SI ↑ intestinal water and electrolyte secretion and ↑ relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters Secretion is ↑ by distention and vagal stimulation Secretion is ↓ by adrenergic input |
VIPoma Kind of cells Presentation | non-α, non-β islet pancreatic tumors secrete VIP "WDHA" Copious Watery Diarrhea, HypoK, and Achlorhydria (no gastric acid produced) |
Nitric Oxide Actions in GI tract Especially present in Implicated in what disorder | Smooth muscles relaxation Especially in lower esophageal sphincter Loss of NO secretion is implicated in achalasia |
Motilin Location of Source Action Regulation Agonists? Uses of agonists? | Small Intestine Produced migrating motor complexes Secretion ↑ in fasting state Agonists like erythromycin used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis |
Intrinsic Factor Source Location of Source Action | Parietal Cells in Stomach (Body) | Vit B12 binding protein |
Where is Vit B12 absorbed? | Bound to IF in terminal ileum along with bile acids |
Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leads to | Chronic gastritis and pernicious anemia |
Gastric Acid Source Location of Source Action Regulation | Parietal Cells in Stomach ↓ stomach pH Secretion ↑ by Hist, ACh, Gastrin Secretion ↓ Somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandins, secretin |
Gastrinoma | Gastrin secreting tumor that causes high levels of acid secretion and ulcers |
Pepsin Source Location of Source Action Regulation | Chief Cells in Stomach (Body) Protein digestion Secretion is ↑ by vagal stimulation and local acid |
Activation of pepsinogen | Converted to pepsin in presence of H+ |
Bicarb Source Location of Source Action Regulation | Mucosal cells of stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas and Brunner's Glands (in the duodenum) Neutralizes acid Secretion is ↑ from pancreatic and biliary secretion with secretin |
Mucus that covers the gastric epithelium traps what? | Traps bicarb |
Saliva Secreted from Stimulated by | Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual glands | Supplied by sympathetic (β --> cAMP) and parasympathetic activity (M --> IP3) |
Components of Saliva with function | Amylase digests starch Bicarb neutralizes bacterial acids Mucin lubricates food |
Tonicity of Saliva | Normally hypotonic because of absorption but more isotonic with higher flow rates (less time for absorption) |
How would Atropine affect parietal cells vs. G cells | Atropine --/ parietal cells | Atropine leaves G cells unaffected because the Vagus nerve releases GRP, not ACh to activate them |
Brunner's Glands Location Function Hypertrophied in… | Duodenal submucosa Secrete Alkaline mucus Hypertrophied in peptic ulcer disease |
Receptors on Parietal Cells | ACh --> M3 --> Gq --> IP3 --> ATPase Gastrin --> CCKB --> Gq --> IP3 --> ATPase Hist --> H2 --> cAMP --> ATPase Prostaglandins/misoprostol Receptors --> Gi --/ cAMP Somatostatin Receptors --> Gi --/ cAMP |
Pancreatic Secretions Tonicity of Fluid How does [electrolyte] change with flow? | Isotonic fluid Low flow --> High [Cl] High flow --> High [HCO3] |
Pancreatic Secretions | Names and Roles | α amylase --> Starch digestion (secreted in active form) Lipase. Phospholipase A, Colipase --> fat digestion Proteases Trypsinogen --> Activation of proenzymes (including trypsinogen) |
Pancreatic Proteases Names Secreted as… | Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, Carboxypeptidase | Secreted as proenzymes (zymogens) |
What converts trypsinogen into trypsin | Enterokinase/enteropeptidase and then trypsin itself |
Where is enterokinase/enteropeptidase secreted from? | Duodenal mucosa |