Which of the following best describes the scramble for Africa? - It was an effort by European peoples to learn more about Islamic Africa. - It was an effort by European armies and investors to establish control of African territories and resources. - It was an effort by European countries to industrialize Africa. - It was an effort by European peoples to establish fair diplomatic relations with African countries.
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Step 1
I'll solve this problem by analyzing the historical context of the Scramble for Africa.

Step 2
: Understand the Historical Context

The Scramble for Africa was a period of rapid colonization of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century (approximately 1881 - 1914). This was not about learning, fair diplomacy, or industrialization, but about territorial conquest and economic exploitation.

Final Answer

This period was characterized by imperial powers like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and others aggressively claiming and partitioning African territories for economic gain, strategic interests, and national prestige, with little regard for existing African societies and political structures.