2023-2024 Portage Learning NURS251 Pharmacology Module 1-5 with Answers (366 Solved Questions)

Name: 2023-2024 Portage Learning NURS251 Pharmacology Module 1-5 with Answers (366 Solved Questions)
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PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 251
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1-5
2023/2024 EXAMS
UPDATED PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1 2023/2024
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
trade name - -answer-brand name, marketed under a patented
propietary name (EX. Prinival; Zestril)
drug class - -answer-a group of drugs that all work by the same
mechanism of action (EX. ace-inhibitors)
active ingrediant - -answer-the drug itself
inactive ingrediant - -answer-helps facilitate the administration and
absorption of the drug
aqueous preperation - -answer-liquid medication. EX. cough medicine.
taken by mouth
tablet - -answer-the drug itself is made into a powder and pressed into
this form. most common.
troche/lozenge - -answer-flattened tablets that dissolve in the mouth
and absorb into the tissue in the mouth
capsule - -answer-gelatin container with either the powder or liquid
drug inside
delayed-release - -answer-either a tablet or capsule; treated with a
coating that will allow the drug to work overtime (usually 24 hours)
antagonist - -answer-drug binds to the receptor; there is NO response
AND it prevents other agonists from binding

competitive antagonist - -answer-drug competes with agonist and if it
binds there is no response
noncompetitive antagonist - -answer-drug combines with different
parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect
enzymes - -answer-drugs can interact with these by inhibiting or
enhancing their action
nonselective interactions - -answer-describes drugs that don't target a
specific receptor or enzyme but rather target cell membranes and
various cell processes
pharmacology - -answer-the study or science of drugs
drug - -answer-any chemical that affects the physiologic process of a
living organism
theraputic effect - -answer-the desired effect of a drug
side effect - -answer-an undesired effect of a drug but NOT harmful
adverse effect - -answer-an undesired effect of a drug, POTENTIALLY
harmful
toxic effect - -answer-an undesired effect of a drug, IS HARMFUL
mechanism of action - -answer-how a drug produces its effects
site of action - -answer-the location within the body where a drug
exerts its theraputic effect
onset of action - -answer-the point in time after administration when a
drug begins to exert its therapeutic effect
receptor - -answer-specific cellular structures that a drug binds to in
order to produce a physiologic effect

antagonist receptor - -answer-works to interfere with other drugs or a
substance from producing an effect
agonist receptor - -answer-works to activate a physiologic response
chemical name - -answer-defines the chemical composition of the drug
generic name - -answer-non-propietary name (EX. Lisinopril)
factors that affect drug response - -answer-age, weight, sex, genetic
variation
as you age, absorption is _____ - -answer-delayed
as you age, distribution is ____ - -answer-increased
as you age, metabolism ____ - -answer-decreases
as you age, excretion ___ - -answer-decreases
incompatability - -answer-physical changes that occur when mixed
with another drug prior to administration
additive effects - -answer-when the combined effect of two drugs is
equal to the sum of each on its own
synergism - -answer-when the combined effect of two drugs is greater
the sum of each on its own
antagonism - -answer-when the combined effect of two drugs is less
than the sum of each on its own
pregnancy category A - -answer-studies have not yet demonstrated
risk to the fetus (ex. vitamins)

pregnancy category B - -answer-studies have not been performed in
pregnant women but show no risk to the fetus in animal studies (ex.
tylenol)
pregnancy category C - -answer-studies have not been performed in
pregnant women or animals OR animal studies revealed some risk to
the fetus
pregnancy category D - -answer-studies have revealed risk to the
fetus. risk vs benefit ratio must be used prior to administration
pregnancy category X - -answer-studies have indicated significant risk
to the fetus. contraindicated for use during pregnancy
scheduled drug class 1 - -answer-high abuse potential and no accepted
medical use (ex. heroin, marijuana)
scheduled drug class 2 - -answer-high abuse potential and accepted
medical use (ex. narcotics) no refill without order
scheduled drug class 3 - -answer-moderate abuse potential and
accepted medical use (ex. barbiturates, steroids) may be refilled 5
times within 6 months with order
scheduled drug class 4 - -answer-low abuse potential and accepted
medical use (ex. phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, anti-anxiety meds)
scheduled drug class 5 - -answer-limited abuse potential and accepted
medical use (ex. codeine, lomitol)
drug tolerance - -answer-decreased effect after repeated
administration
drug dependence - -answer-reliance on a drug becomes extremely
important
drug abuse - -answer-begin using the drug for non-medical purposes

drug addiction - -answer-dependence is severe and compulsive drug
behavior dominates all activities
enteric coated - -answer-applied to a tablet that may be affected by an
acidic environment
suppositories - -answer-a drug that is mixed with another substance
that will allow it to melt at body temperature. generally inserted
through the rectum, urethra, or vagina
oitments - -answer-soft, oily substance applied to the skin
transdermal patch - -answer-the drug is released and absorbed through
the skin into the bloodstream providing a continuous source of the
drug (usually over 24 hours)
oral administration - -answer-by way of the mouth and through
swallowing, onset 30-60 minutes
parenteral (enteral) administration - -answer-route that does NOT
involve the GI tract
sublingual - -answer-tablet placed under the tongue, onset several
minutes, indicated for a rapid effect
rectal - -answer-route to be used when oral cannot be taken or a local
effect is needed, onset 15-30 minutes
subcutaneuous - -answer-just under the skin, for drugs that are
inactivated by the GI tract. onset several minutes
intramuscular - -answer-inserted into the muscle. for drugs with poor
oral administration, high blood levels are needed, or rapid effect is
needed. onset several minutes.

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intravenous - -answer-inserted directly into the vein primarily in
emergency situations or when administered via infusion. onset within
1 minute
intrathecal - -answer-injection into the spinal cavity, used for local
effects within the spine. onset within 1 minute
inhalation - -answer-for local effects within the lungs, onset within 1
minute
topical - -answer-applied to the surface of the skin for a local effect,
onset within 1 hour
vaginal - -answer-creams or suppositories applied for a local effect,
onset 15-30 minutes
pharmaceutics - -answer-the study of how various dosage forms
influence the way in which the drug effects the body
pharmacokinetics - -answer-the study of what the body does to a drug
pharmacodynamics - -answer-the study of what a drug does to the
body
absorption - -answer-movement of a drug from its site of administration
into the bloodstream
distribution - -answer-transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site
of action
metabolism - -answer-biochemical alteration of a drug into a
metabolite
cytochrome P-450 - -answer-large class of enzymes that play a
significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions
bioavailability - -answer-how much of the drug is absorbed into the
bloodstream for use (1-100%)

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excretion - -answer-describes the elimination of the drug from the body
half-life - -answer-the amount of time it takes for 50% of a given drug
to be removed from the body
steady state - -answer-the physiologic state in which the amount of
drug being excreted from the body is equal to the amount being
absorbed with each dose
agonist - -answer-drug binds to the receptor; there is a response
partial agonist - -answer-drug binds to the receptor but the response is
diminished
NEW PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 251
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 2 2023/2024
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
anticholinergic effects - -answer-occur when a drug blocks acetylcholine
at its receptor site, causing side effects such as dry mouth, dry eyes,
blurred vision, trouble urinating, and constipation
Chlorphreniramine - -answer-moderate anticholinergic effect, low
sedative effect
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - -answer-high anticholinergic effect, high
sedative effect

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Fexofenadine (Allegra) - -answer-low to no anticholinergic effect, low to
no sedative effect
Loratadine (Claritin) - -answer-low anticholinergic effect, low to no
sedative effect
OTC nasal steroids - -answer-Fluticasone (Flonase), Triamcinolone
acetonide (Nascort)
What was the first PPI to become OTC? - -answer-omeprazole
What are the three types of medication used to treat heartburn? - -
answer-Proton pump inhibitors, antacids, H2 receptor antagonists
Examples of Antacids - -answer-tums, Gaviscon, milk of magnesia, Maalox
Examples of H2 Receptor Blockers - -answer-Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Examples of PPIs - -answer-omeprazole
esomeprazole
pantoprazole
Mechanism of Antacids - -answer-neutralize gastric acidity

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Mechanism of H2 Receptor Blockers - -answer-competitively block H2
receptors in acid producing cells of the stomach
Mechanism of PPIs - -answer-bind to proton pump responsible for
secretion of gastric acid
Which H2 blocker has the highest risk of drug interactions? - -answer-
cimetidine
Analgesic - -answer-pain reliever
antipyretic - -answer-reduces fever
What is the most widely used non-opioid analgesic? - -answer-
acetaminophen
OTC medication - -answer-medication that is available without a
prescription and is available without restriction in most cases
What year did the FDA start an OTC drug review? - -answer-1972
What were the goals of the FDA OTC drug review? - -answer-1. ensure
meds are safe and effective
2. establish appropriate labeling standards
Criteria for OTC status (indications for use) - -answer-Consumer must be
able to easily:
Diagnose condition

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