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Our Revision Notes and Textbook Answers will guide you through biology's core concepts, improving retention and saving time in exam preparation.

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A-level Biology - 3.2.9 The Role of Aphids in Spreading Plant Viruses

Plant viruses are made up of a nucleic acid core (usually RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid. Some plant viruses may also have an outer lipid membrane (envelope), although this is less common.

A-level Biology - 3.2.8 Mass Transport Systems in Plants

The function of the xylem is to transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves in one direction — upwards. This movement supports photosynthesis and maintains cell turgor for structural support.

A-level Biology - 3.2.6 The Circulation of Blood and The Structure Of The Mammalian Heart

The function of the circulatory system is to transport essential substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones from specialized exchange organs (like the lungs and digestive system) to the cells throughout the body. It also helps remove waste products, like carbon dioxide and urea, from cells t...

A-level Biology - 3.2.4 HIV

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks and gradually weakens the immune system, specifically targeting helper T cells. This makes the body more vulnerable to infections and diseases. If untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

A-level Biology - 3.2.3 Cholera

This deck covers key concepts related to cholera, including its cause, transmission, symptoms, and treatment. It provides detailed insights into the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and the mechanisms of disease, as well as prevention and rehydration strategies.

A-level Biology - 3.2.1 The Causes of Disease: Pathogens, Lifestyle and Disease

This deck covers key concepts related to pathogens, how they cause disease, and factors influencing disease risk, including genetic and lifestyle factors.

A-level Biology - 3.1.11 Biodiversity within a Community

Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes and alleles within a species or population. It arises from differences in the DNA of individuals and is important for a population's ability to adapt to changing environments. High genetic diversity increases the chances of survival through natural se...

A-level Biology - 3.1.10 Species and Taxonomy

A species is a group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Members of the same species share common characteristics and genetic makeup, allowing successful reproduction. This definition helps distinguish one species from another in biological classification.

A-level Biology - 3.1.9 Genetic Diversity may Arise by Meiosis

Diploid cells must halve their number of chromosomes during meiosis to produce haploid gametes. This is essential because when two gametes fuse during fertilisation, the resulting zygote needs to have the correct diploid number of chromosomes.

A-level Biology - 3.1.8 Protein Synthesis

mRNA is made during transcription, the first stage of protein synthesis. In this process, a complementary mRNA strand is formed using a DNA template, allowing genetic information to be carried from the nucleus to the ribosome for translation.

A-level Biology - 3.1.7 DNA, Genes and Chromosomes Part 2

This deck covers key concepts in DNA structure, replication, and genetic coding, focusing on differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA, gene expression, and chromosome structure.

A-level Biology - 3.1.7 DNA, Genes and Chromosomes Part 1

This deck covers the fundamental concepts of DNA, genes, and chromosomes, including their structures, functions, and the processes involved in DNA replication and RNA function.

A-level Biology - 3.1.6 Living Organisms Vary Flashcards

Variation refers to the differences that exist between individuals within a species. These differences can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both.

A-level Biology - 3.1.5 Gas Exchange and the Transport of Oxygen in Living Organisms Part 4

The Bohr Effect describes how increased CO₂ levels in respiring tissues lead to more H⁺ ions, which bind to haemoglobin and reduce its affinity for oxygen. This causes haemoglobin to release more oxygen, shifting the dissociation curve to the right.

A-level Biology - 3.1.5 Gas Exchange and the Transport of Oxygen in Living Organisms Part 3

This deck covers key concepts related to gas exchange and the transport of oxygen in living organisms, focusing on haemoglobin's role and its interaction with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A-level Biology - 3.1.5 Gas Exchange and the Transport of Oxygen in Living Organisms Part 2

This deck covers key concepts in gas exchange and oxygen transport in living organisms, focusing on insects, plants, and human respiratory processes.

A-level Biology - 3.1.5 Gas Exchange and the Transport of Oxygen in Living Organisms Part 1

This deck covers key concepts related to gas exchange and the transport of oxygen in living organisms, focusing on the needs and adaptations of different organisms.

A-level Biology - 3.1.4 Transport into and out of Cells Part 4

To find the water potential of potato cells, place identical potato chips in varying concentrations of sucrose solution. Measure the mass before and after soaking, calculate the percentage change, and plot a calibration curve. The point where mass change is zero indicates the water potential.

A-level Biology - 3.1.4 Transport into and out of Cells Part 3

This deck covers key concepts related to the transport of substances into and out of cells, including diffusion, osmosis, and the factors affecting these processes.

A-level Biology - 3.1.4 Transport into and out of Cells Part 1

This deck covers key concepts related to the structure and function of cell membranes, including the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins in the transport of substances into and out of cells.

A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 4

This deck covers key concepts in cell fractionation, solution conditions, and cell transport processes, as outlined in A-level Biology. It includes definitions and processes crucial for understanding cell structure and function.

A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 2

This deck covers the structures and functions of various cell organelles, focusing on differences between fungal and plant cells, and the roles of cellular components like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and more.

A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 1

This deck covers key concepts related to cells and cell structure, including magnification, resolution, and the use of different types of microscopes.

A-level Biology - 3.1.1 Biological Molecules Part 4

This deck covers key concepts related to proteins and their structures, including amino acids, peptide bonds, and the various structural levels of proteins.

A-level Biology - 3.1.1 Biological Molecules Part 3

This deck covers the roles, structures, and properties of lipids, including triglycerides and phospholipids, as well as their functions in biological systems.

A-level Biology - 3.1.1 Biological Molecules Part 2

This deck covers the structure and function of key biological molecules, including amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, and lipids, as well as tests for sugars.

A-level Biology - 3.1.1 Biological Molecules Part 1

This deck covers key concepts related to biological molecules, focusing on polymers, monomers, carbohydrates, and their structures and reactions.

AP® Biology - The Cell Cycle

The two types of eukaryotic cell division are mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis creates identical somatic cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces germ cells (sperm and egg) with half the genetic material for sexual reproduction.

AP® Biology - Plants and Photosynthesis

Two organelles found in all plant cells but not in all animal cells are chloroplasts and large central vacuoles. Chloroplasts are essential for photosynthesis, while vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste, and are much larger in plant cells than in animal cells.

AP® Biology - Classical Genetics

Gregor Mendel, known as the “father of modern genetics,” studied inheritance patterns using pea plants in the 19th century. His experiments laid the foundation for Mendelian genetics, which describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

AP® Biology - Immune System

The main role of the human immune system is to defend the body against harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It identifies and attacks these foreign substances to prevent infections and maintain overall health.

AP® Biology - Endocrine and Development Part 4

This deck amplifies the response, allowing clots to form rapidly at injury sites.

AP® Biology - Endocrine and Development Part 3

This deck Negative feedback reduces the output of a process to maintain stability, while positive feedback increases it to amplify a response.

AP® Biology - Endocrine and Development Part 2

This deck hormones influence processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction, helping maintain balance within the body.

AP® Biology - Endocrine and Development Part 1

This deck helps maintain homeostasis and coordinates long-term physiological changes in the body.

AP® Biology - Nervous System

The nervous system is responsible for coordinating and regulating body activities through electrical impulses and chemical signals. It enables sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions, controlling both voluntary actions (like movement) and involuntary actions (like heart rate and d...

AP® Biology - Microbiology

The two prokaryotic domains are Archaea and Bacteria. Both consist of single-celled organisms without a nucleus, but they differ in genetic makeup and cell membrane structure. Archaea often live in extreme environments, while Bacteria are found in more common habitats.

AP® Biology - Cell Structure Part 4

This deck covers key concepts related to cell structures, including types of endocytosis, diffusion mechanisms, cell junctions, and factors limiting cell size.

AP® Biology - Cell Structure Part 3

This deck covers key concepts related to cell structure, including organelles, membrane dynamics, and transport mechanisms in cells.

AP® Biology - Cell Structure Part 2

This deck covers key concepts related to cell structures, including the roles and functions of various organelles within eukaryotic cells.

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