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Our Revision Notes and Textbook Answers will guide you through biology's core concepts, improving retention and saving time in exam preparation.

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Flashcard Deck:

Biology - AQA - Unit 2 - B4. Active Transport

Active transport is the process of moving molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy. This energy is typically provided by ATP, and the movement is facilitated by carrier proteins or co-transporters.

Biology - AQA - Unit 2 - B3. Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential (more water molecules) to an area of lower water potential (fewer water molecules). Water molecules can move through the cell membrane because they are small enough to pass through...

Anatomy Lab Practical #1 Part 14 (balls)

“Anatomy Lab Practical #1 Part 14 (Balls) illustrates stages of the cell cycle such as interphase and anaphase using model representations. These flashcards help with visual recognition of mitotic phases in lab practice.”

HOSA: Med Term Overview of Body Part 2

This deck covers key medical terminology related to genetics, diseases, and cellular biology, providing definitions and descriptions of various conditions and concepts.

Cosmetology: State Board: Mock Exam: Module G-Q Part 2

This flashcard set covers essential concepts related to infection signs, systems of the human body, nail disorders, and skin anatomy. It's designed to help learners quickly review foundational knowledge in anatomy, physiology, and basic pathology.

Medical Terminology: Oncology & Pathology Part 3

This deck covers essential terms and procedures in oncology and pathology, focusing on diagnostic techniques and their applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Medical Terminology: Lymphatic & Immune Systems Part 3

This deck covers key terms and concepts related to the lymphatic and immune systems, focusing on definitions and processes crucial for understanding immune responses and disorders.

Medical Terminology: Lymphatic & Immune Systems Part 2

This deck covers key terms and concepts related to the lymphatic and immune systems, focusing on various cell types and immune responses.

Army Board - Army NCO Guide

This deck covers key questions and answers from the Army NCO Guide, FM 7-22.7, including historical figures, traditions, and the evolution of the NCO corps.

ATI TEAS: Mendelian Genetics (Laws of heredity)

This deck covers key concepts in Mendelian genetics, including the laws of inheritance, phenotypes, genotypes, and Punnett squares.

ATI TEAS: Biological Micromolecules

A deck of flashcards covering key concepts in biological micromolecules, including monomers, polymers, covalent and noncovalent bonds, proteins, and lipids.

Anatomy Lab Practical: Part 14

This flashcard set focuses on the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis—interphase, prophase (early and late), metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. It helps reinforce identification of each phase and the cellular events that occur during each stage of division.

Pharm Y2S2 - Streptococcus Pyogenes

This deck covers key concepts related to Streptococcus Pyogenes, including its microbiology, virulence factors, common infections, differential diagnoses, treatments, and potential complications.

Pharm Y2S2 - Staphylococcus Aureus

This deck covers key questions and answers about Staphylococcus aureus, including its characteristics, affected patient groups, conditions it causes, and treatments.

10: Species and Taxonomy

A species is a group capable of producing fertile offspring. Courtship behaviours ensure successful mating by helping organisms recognise suitable partners and synchronise reproduction. The binomial naming system uses genus and species names, while organisms are classified using taxonomic ranks from...

9: Genetic diversity and adaptation

Mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence or quantity, potentially forming new alleles. A substitution mutation replaces one base with another, which may alter a single amino acid in a protein. This can change the protein’s structure and function, especially if the affected amino acid is crucia...

6: Gas Exchange in Insects and Fish

Specialised exchange surfaces, such as insect tracheal systems and fish gills, are adapted for efficient gas exchange with features like a large surface area, short diffusion pathways, and mechanisms to maintain diffusion gradients. Insects reduce water loss with waterproof exoskeletons and spiracle...

5.3: T-lymphocytes and cell-mediated immunity

Antigens are molecules on cell surfaces that trigger immune responses when recognized as foreign. T lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity) mature in the thymus and detect infected or abnormal cells by recognizing these antigens, while B lymphocytes (humoral immunity) mature in bone marrow. T cells are...

4.4: Active Transport

Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient using ATP and carrier proteins, unlike passive processes like facilitated diffusion, which move substances along the gradient without energy. Both involve specific carrier proteins, but only active transport requires metabolic energy ...

3.6: Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses

This deck covers the key functions and structures of prokaryotic cells and viruses, including cell walls, capsules, and DNA, as well as comparisons with eukaryotic cells.

3.4: Eukaryotic cell structure

The nucleus, enclosed by a double membrane with nuclear pores, regulates genetic activities by producing RNA and storing DNA. It contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the nucleolus. The mitochondrion's double membrane regulates substance exchange, with its inner membrane forming cristae to increase...

3.3: Microscope Measurements and Required Practical

This deck covers key concepts related to microscope measurements and practical laboratory techniques, including the use of eyepiece graticules, calibration, and methods for calculating the mitotic index.

2.3: Energy and ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It releases energy by hydrolysis of its unstable phosphodiester bonds. ATP is regenerated through phosphorylation, which occurs in processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and substrate-level reactions.

1.4: Starch glycogen and cellulose

Starch is a plant-based energy storage molecule made of alpha glucose, comprising coiled amylose and branched amylopectin, making it compact and insoluble. Its structure allows it to store large amounts of glucose without affecting cell water balance, while glycogen serves a similar energy storage r...

1.3: Carbohydrates: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

This deck covers key concepts related to disaccharides and polysaccharides, including their formation, breakdown, and testing methods.

Chapter 17: Fermentation: Desirable Effects Part 2

These flashcards cover the basic chemical composition, environmental needs, and behavior of microorganisms, including their role in fermentation, optimal growth conditions, and their application in food products like bread and alcohol. Key focus is on how they function, survive, and contribute to fo...

Chapter 17: Fermentation: Desirable Effects Part 1

This deck covers key concepts about microorganisms, their characteristics, classification, and role in fermentation and food processing.

Chapter 9: Complex Carbohydrates Part 1

This deck covers important concepts and definitions related to complex carbohydrates, including their structures, functions, and roles in food preparation.

Chapter 8: Sugar: The Simplest of Carbohydrates Part 1

This deck covers key concepts about carbohydrates, focusing on sugars, their types, functions, and uses in food preparation.

Biology Paper 2 - 6.2 Patterns of Inheritance

This flashcard set explains how sexual reproduction creates genetic variation. It highlights the roles of meiosis (crossing-over and independent assortment) and random gamete fusion during fertilisation in producing diverse offspring genotypes.

Biology Paper 2 - 6.1 Cellular Control

This flashcard set covers cellular control, focusing on exons — the coding regions of a gene. Exons are the sequences that remain in mRNA after splicing and are translated into proteins.

Biology Paper 2 - 6.3 Manipulating Genomes

Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that recognise specific palindromic DNA sequences and cut the backbone by hydrolysis. Depending on the enzyme they leave sticky (overhanging) or blunt ends, which is crucial for cloning and genomic manipulation. They’re essential tools in genetic engineerin...

Biology Paper 2 - 6.6 Populations and Sustainability

This flashcard set introduces population size, defined as the total number of individuals of a species within a habitat. It emphasizes the concept’s importance in studying populations and sustainability.

Biology Paper 2 - 6.5 Ecosystems

This flashcard set explains the role of producers in ecosystems, showing how they make organic molecules from inorganic substances. It also highlights their importance as photosynthetic organisms forming the first trophic level in food chains.

Biology Paper 2 - 6.4 Cloning and Biotechnology

This flashcard set covers cloning and biotechnology, focusing on how clones are formed through mitosis and asexual reproduction, and how plants reproduce asexually via vegetative propagation. It highlights the basic definitions and processes involved.

Chapter 18: Texas Laws and Rules Pertinent to Insurance

This flashcard set covers key Texas insurance laws and practices, including grace periods, group life limits, HMO rules, agent conduct, and licensing classifications. Great for state exam prep or regulatory review.

Biology Paper 2 - 4.3 Classification and Evolution

This flashcard set defines species using the biological species concept: organisms that share characteristics and a common gene pool and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. It emphasizes genetic similarity (alleles) and distinguishes true species from hybrids that are not fertile.

Biology Paper 2 - 4.2 Biodiversity

This flashcard set defines biodiversity as the variety of life, spanning genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It highlights how biodiversity is measured (e.g., species richness and evenness) and why it matters for ecosystem stability, resilience, and conservation.

Biology Paper 2 - 2.4 Enzymes

This flashcard set explains enzymes as biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. It highlights their specificity, reusability, and roles inside or outside the cell.

Biology Paper 2 - 2.3 Nucleic Acids

This flashcard set covers the basic structure of DNA, describing it as a double helix made of polynucleotides. It emphasizes DNA as a large macromolecule carrying genetic information.

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