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Flashcard Deck:

Psychopharmacology: Substance Misuse Disorders

This content explains harmful use as ongoing substance misuse causing clear physical, mental, or social harm, without meeting criteria for dependence. It also describes withdrawal state as the cause of mood-related symptoms following cessation of substances like cocaine, highlighting fatigue, low mo...

IB Psychology HL - BLOA - Explain Effects of Neurotransmission

Neurons transmit electrochemical signals to the brain, enabling the body to respond to stimuli from the environment or internal changes. This neurotransmission is essential for communication within the nervous system, influencing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

IB Psychology HL - BLOA - Explaining Localization of Function With a Study

Localization of function refers to the idea that specific brain areas control particular behaviors or cognitive processes. A key study demonstrating this is Raine et al. (1997), which investigated brain abnormalities in violent offenders using brain imaging techniques.

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Ethical Considerations Related to CLOA Research

Ethical considerations in Cognitive Level of Analysis research include ensuring informed consent from participants, maintaining their comfort and anonymity, minimizing harm, and using non-invasive techniques whenever possible. When animals are used, strict ethical guidelines must be followed to ensu...

Psychopharmacology: Psychosexual

This content outlines erectile dysfunction as a common consequence of performance anxiety in a young man with no prior sexual experience. It also identifies citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), as a frequent cause of orgasmic dysfunction due to its known side effects of delay...

Psychopharmacology: Psychotherapies

This content covers Freud’s structural model of the mind, identifying the ego as the conscious mediator between internal drives and the external world. It also distinguishes repression as an unconscious defense mechanism that excludes painful memories, as seen in a woman unconsciously forgetting her...

Psychopharmacology: Personality Disorders

This content explains that while impulse control issues may be present in personality disorders, they are not required for diagnosis under ICD-10. It also explores personality development, noting that the false statement is that personality is described by three factors, when modern theories (like t...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - How and Why Particular Research Methods are Used in CLOA

At the Cognitive Level of Analysis, researchers use experimental studies to test hypotheses under controlled conditions, ensuring scientific rigor. They also employ neurophysiological methods like brain imaging to observe brain activity during cognitive tasks, and computer modeling to simulate and u...

Psychopharmacology: Old Age Psychiatry

This content highlights hippocampal atrophy as a key MRI finding in early Alzheimer’s disease and identifies acetylcholine-enhancing drugs (such as cholinesterase inhibitors) as a mainstay in its pharmacological management. Other imaging features and neurotransmitter systems are discussed in contras...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Outline and Explain How Cloa Principles Can Be Demonstrated In Research

Mental representations guide behavior, meaning our thoughts, memories, and perceptions influence how we act.

Psychopharmacology: Somatoform Disorders

This content distinguishes typical symptoms of anxiety, highlighting that constipation is not common, while symptoms like palpitations, fear, dyspnoea, and tremor are typical. It also discusses agoraphobia, characterized by anxiety about being in situations where escape might be difficult, especiall...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Evaluate How Emotion May Affect a Cognitive Process (Memory)

Flashbulb memory refers to a vivid, detailed memory of the context in which a surprising or emotional event was learned, not the event itself. It’s believed that the amygdala enhances memory formation during these moments. Brown and Kulik (1977) supported this, while Neisser and Harsch (1992) challe...

Psychopharmacology: Affective Disorders

This content outlines specific depressive conditions including depressive stupor—a severe, rare form of depression marked by mutism and immobility—and dysthymia, a chronic, low-grade depressive state. It differentiates these from other mood disorders such as seasonal affective disorder, atypical dep...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Extent of Interaction of Cognitive and Biological in Emotion

Emotion involves a physiological change in the body triggered by an external stimulus, which is then appraised by the individual. Based on this interpretation, a behavioral response is chosen. According to Damasio (2000), emotions are bodily responses, while feelings are the conscious awareness of t...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Discuss Use of Tech in Investigating a Cognitive Process

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) involves injecting radioactive sugar that emits gamma rays as it’s metabolized by the brain, revealing areas of activity based on sugar use. While PET provides dynamic brain function data, it’s less precise than fMRI and involves health risks due to radiation. A ke...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Extent of Reliability af a Cognitive Process

Eyewitness testimony is crucial in the criminal justice system, but its reliability is often questioned due to frequent errors. The Innocence Project found that over 75% of wrongful convictions involved mistaken eyewitness IDs. Studies like Loftus et al. (1987) show memory can be distorted even with...

Psychopharmacology: Schizophrenia

This content reviews the clinical features of hebephrenic (disorganized) schizophrenia and distinguishes it from other subtypes such as catatonic, paranoid, residual, and simple schizophrenia. It also notes that the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia in the UK is approximately 0.4%.

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Discuss how social/cultural factors affect a cognitive process

Social and cultural factors significantly influence the cognitive process of memory, particularly flashbulb memories (FBMs).

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Explain How Biological Factors Affect a Cognitive Process

Alzheimer’s Disease is a degenerative brain disorder that primarily affects older adults and leads to a decline in cognitive functions. Key symptoms include memory loss, language difficulties, attention problems, and changes in personality, caused by damage to brain structures such as the hippocampu...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Evaluation of a Cognitive Process

The Multi-Store Model of Memory, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), is an early cognitive model that explains memory as a sequence of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). It marked a key shift toward the information-processing view of cognition.

Psychopharmacology: Organic Psychiatry

This collection of flashcards presents clinical vignettes focusing on neuropsychiatric presentations of systemic, metabolic, infectious, and neurological disorders. Each question tests the integration of psychiatric symptoms with underlying medical causes, supporting diagnostic reasoning for medical...

IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Evaluation of Schema Theory

Schema theory suggests that we interpret and respond to new information based on pre-existing mental frameworks (schemas) formed through experience and learning. These schemas guide perception, memory, and behavior, remaining relatively stable over time. Supported by studies like Bartlett (1932) and...

IB Psychology HL - Abnormal Psychology

Normality in psychology refers to conformity to typical or socially accepted behavioral patterns. It is often defined by what is considered standard, functional, or culturally appropriate within a given society.

Psychopathology: Classification

These flashcards highlight common cognitive disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease, such as topographical memory loss (difficulty navigating familiar routes) and perseveration (repeating a previous correct response inappropriately). They distinguish these from related memory and cognitive phenomena lik...

Psychopathology 10. The Biological Approach To Treating OCD

These flashcards describe how OCD can be treated biologically through drug therapy, which targets neurotransmitters like serotonin, a chemical involved in mood, sleep, and other functions. The aim of therapy is to adjust neurotransmitter levels to regulate brain activity and reduce symptoms.

Psychopathology: 9. The Biological Approach To Explaining OCD

These flashcards explain the genetic basis of OCD, suggesting that a vulnerability to the disorder can be inherited. Key concepts include candidate genes (like 5HT1-D beta, linked to serotonin regulation) and the idea that OCD is polygenic, meaning it is influenced by multiple genes—possibly over 23...

Psychopathology: 8. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

These flashcards define OCD as an anxiety disorder involving intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety. They highlight the distinction between obsessions (cognitive) and compulsions (behavioural), along with key behavioural traits such as repea...

Psychopathology: 7. The Cognitive Approach To Treating Depression

This flashcard set explores Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) as treatments for mental disorders like depression. CBT focuses on challenging negative thoughts and changing behaviour, while REBT, developed by Ellis, extends his ABC model and uses ration...

Psychological - Lecture 11 - Forensic Testing (DN)

A forensic neuropsychologist must establish a clear causal link between a person’s cognitive impairment and the specific event or incident in question. This is essential for legal contexts, where objective, evidence-based conclusions are required.

Psychopathology: 6. The Cognitive Approach To Explaining Depression

These flashcards outline the cognitive approach, which explains depression as resulting from irrational or faulty thinking. Key models include Beck’s Negative Triad (negative thoughts about the self, world, and future) and Ellis’s ABC Model, where irrational beliefs following an event lead to emotio...

Psychological - Lecture 10 - Neuropsychological Assessment (DN)

The two main fields of neuropsychology are Experimental Neuropsychology, which studies brain-behavior relationships through research, and Clinical Neuropsychology, which applies this knowledge to assess and treat individuals with brain injuries or neurological disorders.

Psychopathology: 5. Depression

This set of flashcards defines depression as a mood disorder marked by low mood and energy. According to the DSM-V, it is classified as a mood disorder and can be broadly divided into unipolar depression (persistent low mood) and bipolar depression (alternating between depression and euphoria).

Psychopathology: 4. The Behavioural Approach To Treating Phobias

These flashcards explain the behavioural approach, which focuses on observable behaviours and how they're learned. It includes classical conditioning (learning by association) and operant conditioning (learning through consequences like reinforcement and punishment).

Psychological - DN a Few Extras

A Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is a disorder affecting one or more basic psychological processes related to understanding or using language, whether spoken or written. It impacts skills like reading, writing, or listening despite normal intelligence.

Psychological - Lecture 6 (DN) almost done!

Group stability of IQ scores over time may indicate the good predictive validity of IQ tests, showing they reliably measure cognitive ability. Alternatively, it could reflect the stability of environmental factors (e.g., consistent socioeconomic status). Regardless, IQ tests effectively capture thes...

Psychopathology: 3. The Behavioural Approach To Explaining Phobias

Psychological - Incomplete AJ

Individual IQ scores tend to stabilize around age 6, with stronger consistency over shorter time periods. While individual IQs can fluctuate, group IQ scores remain fairly stable, especially from ages 16 to 18 and beyond, though correlations weaken over longer intervals.

Psychopathology: 2. Phobias

This set of flashcards defines phobias as extreme, irrational fears and explains their classification within the DSM-5 as anxiety disorders. It highlights the nature of phobic responses and their significant impact on daily functioning.

Psychological - Chapter 8 Test Development

A biased test item unfairly advantages one group of examinees over another, even when both groups have equal underlying ability. It can distort results and undermine the fairness and validity of a test.

Psychopathology: 1. Definitions Of Abnormality

These flashcards outline the four key definitions of abnormality in psychology: statistical deviation, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health. Each definition provides a different perspective on identifying abnormal behaviour in individual...

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