Emergency Medical Training (EMT/EMS) Part 2
This deck covers essential concepts and procedures for emergency medical training, focusing on trauma assessment, treatment protocols, and patient management.
abdomen loss with 1 inch distention:
Key Terms
hematemisis signs:
bright red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the lower GI tract
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
abdomen loss with 1 inch distention: | 1000-2000 mL |
hematochezia signs: | bright red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the lower GI tract |
hematemisis signs: | bright red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the lower GI tract |
Melena signs: | dark red blood in feces; indicates a bleed in the upper respiratory tract |
what do you do if an internal organ is exposed? | occlusive dressing x4; flex hips/knees if no spinal injury |
if an object is impaled what do you do? | manually secure; control bleeding and stabilize object |
ecchymosis is: | a bruise; deoxygenated blood in the tissue |
fist size hemotoma causes how much blood loss? | 10% blood loss |
how do you treat a chest impalement? | occlusive dressing on 3 sides |
how do you treat a neck injury? | occlusive dressing on 4 sides; consider c collar |
what are the 5 steps to stop external bleeding? | direct pressure, tourniquet, pressure bandage, shock treatment (oxygen, elevation, blanket), rapid transport |
what are the 5 steps to stop internal bleeding? | assess for shock, splint PRN, monitor Vital signs, rapid transport |
PASG indications: | pelvic fracture, HYPOtension |
PASG contraindications: | pulmonary edema (absolute); penetrating thoracic, eviseration, pregnancy |
what type of chemical burn is worse, acid or alkali? | alkali is worse |
compartment syndrome: | pressure in space around the capillaries exceeds the pressure in needed to perfuse the tissues; blood flow is cut off and cells are hypoxic; extremity may feel hard and pulses may be normal |
what is the only way out of the skull? | foramen magnum |
increased CO2 affect in intracranial pressure | cerebral vessels dilate; Increased blood flow |
decreased CO2, effect in intracranial pressure | cerebral vessels constrict; decreasing blood flow |
head trauma level 1 signs/symptoms: | decorticate posturing; pupils mid sized and reactive; cheyne-stokes breathing |
head trauma level 2 signs/symptoms: | decerebrate posturing; extension of upper extremities; torso and legs; pupils mid sized and fixed; central neurogenic hyperventilation |
head trauma level 3 signs/symptoms: | flaccid, no reaction to pain, pupils fixed and dilated |
basilar skull fracture signs/symptoms: | raccoon eyes; bruising behind ears; blood and CSF from ears/nose |
epidural hematoma: | blood 'pocket'; above the dura mater, usually from a rapidly expanding arterial bleed |
subdural hematoma: | below the dura mater; usually from slowly expanding venous bleed; slowly develops over hours to days |
acute subdural hematoma: | expands rapidly due to size of vessel; develops in a few hours |
increasing ICP causes: | edema, ischemia, hemorrhage |
treatments for closed head injury | o2, ppv 12-16 bpm; capnography, monitor LOC, maybe reverse trendelenburg, c-spine precautions |
most common vertebrae injuries for elderly: | C1 and C2 |
neurogenic shock: | warm, red, dry skin and maybe low BP; caused by injury to thoracic or above; decreased pulse |
inspiration: | active; pressure drops, air is sucked in |
exhalation: | relaxed; pressure rises and air is forced out |
flail chest: | 2 or more ribs broken loose in 2 places; paradoxical movement; splint |
pneumothorax: | air between pleural linings; lungs can't fully inflate leading to a collapsed lung |
s/s of a pneumothorax: | decreased lung sounds on one side; respiratory distress; maybe bubbling chest wound |
subcutaneous emphysema: | collection of air in the subcutaneous layers |
tension pneumothorax: | hearts pumping ability is diminished; great vessels are bent and blood flow is hindered |
s/s of a tension pneumothorax: | respiratory distress; dropping bp; jdv, tracheial deviation is a late sign; 3 side occlusive dressing |
hemothorax: | blood in chest; bleeding in pleural space forming a pocket of blood at bases of lung; decreased lung expansion |
thoracic contusions (bruising) | either bruise to lung; or bruise to heart; AMI like chest pain, arrhythmias and disturbances |
pericardial tamponade: | pericardium does not stretch; bleeding between sac and heart muscle reduces the hearts pumping/filling ability; becks triad |
becks triad: | narrowing pulse pressure; JVD, muffled heart sounds; pulsus paradoxus |
pulsus paradoxus: | decrease in pulse and blood pressure when inhalation occurs |
abdominal eviscerations: | moist, sterile, fiber-free occlusive dressing; treat for shock |
how do you place a patient that is pregnant: | place the patient on the left side; this prevents uterus compression |
abruptio placentae: | separation of the placentae from the uterine wall; can result from traumatic injury; administer oxygen 100% |
pediatric assessment triangle: | appearance: overall mental status; work of breathing: circulation to skin |
differences in geriatric patient: | BP drops sooner; decreased cough reflex; hypertensive patients may have normal BP during shock |
the five 'rights' | right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, right route of administration |
indications of Aspirin: | patient having chest pain; may keep vessels that deliver blood to the heart from completely shutting off; suggestive of a heart attack |