2024-2025 Disorders of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (77 Solved Questions)

Name: 2024-2025 Disorders of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (77 Solved Questions)
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Disorders of the Forearm,
Wrist, and Hand (PEARLS)
(Smarty PANCE) 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS
2024/2025 CORRECT
What is medial epicondylitis?
An overuse syndrome that results in pain in the myotendinous junction between
the wrist flexors and medial epicondyle also known as "golfer's elbow"
What is the cause of medial epicondylitis?
It is caused by an overuse of the elbow, particularly wrist flexion and forearm pronation
What are the symptoms of medial epicondylitis?
Pain with resisted wrist flexion and pronation
Pain at the medial elbow epicondyle that may radiate to the wrist
Diagnosis of medial epicondylitis?
Provocative testing - Pain is elicited with resisted wrist flexion while the elbow is
fully extended
Treatment of medial epicondylitis?
Treat with activity modification, physical therapy, corticosteroid injections - orthopedic
surgery in patients who failed physical therapy for 4-6 months

What is lateral epicondylitis?
An overuse syndrome that results in pain in the myotendinous junction between
the wrist extensors and lateral epicondyle also known as "tennis elbow"
What is the cause of lateral epicondylitis?
It is caused by an overuse of the elbow, particularly wrist extension and forearm
supination.
What is the symptoms of lateral epicondylitis?
Symptoms include pain over the lateral epicondyle and pain with wrist
extension or forearm supination
Treatment of lateral epicondylitis?
Treat with activity modification, counterforce bracing, physical therapy, and
corticosteroid injections - orthopedic surgery in patients who failed physical therapy for
4-6 months
What is elbow (olecranon) bursitis?
Elbow (Olecranon) Bursitis occurs in the olecranon bursa, a thin, fluid-filled sac that is
located at the boney tip of the elbow (the olecranon)
What is another name for olecranon bursitis?
Scholar's elbow
Presentation of elbow (olecranon) bursitis?
Elbow swelling - It may be distinguished from an effusion of the elbow joint if the
patient is able to fully extend the elbow joint without accentuating the pain
Nonseptic bursitis vs. Septic bursitis

● Nonseptic bursitis: acute trauma or repetitive trauma causes inflammation of the
olecranon bursa
● Septic bursitis: infection from microorganisms transferred via trauma to the skin
overlying the bursa. Pain or fever may suggest an infectious etiology
Diagnosis of elbow (olecranon) bursitis?
The diagnosis of olecranon bursitis is often made by clinical evaluation alone without
the aid of objective diagnostic testing.
● R/O septic or gout–aspirate
● Imaging studies are typically not necessary for diagnostic purposes
What is cubital tunnel syndrome?
Cubital tunnel syndrome happens when the ulnar nerve, which passes through the
cubital tunnel (a tunnel of muscle, ligament, and bone) on the inside of the elbow, is
injured and becomes inflamed, swollen, and irritated.
● Cubital tunnel syndrome is caused by ulnar nerve compression at the elbow
Presentation of cubital tunnel syndrome?
Ulnar lesions at the elbow typically present with numbness and tingling in the fourth
and fifth digits, medial elbow pain, nocturnal numbness and paresthesia,
and worsening of symptoms with elbow and/or repeated wrist flexion
What special test is used to diagnose cubital tunnel syndrome?
The Tinel's sign test is often used to help diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital
tunnel syndrome, or tarsal tunnel syndrome
● A positive result - tingling when the affected nerve is tapped
What is ulnar tunnel syndrome?

Ulnar tunnel syndrome is caused by ulnar nerve compression at the wrist in
Guyon's canal
Presentation of ulnar tunnel syndrome?
Ulnar lesions at the wrist typically present with hand weakness and atrophy, loss of
dexterity, and variable sensory involvement as outlined below.
Symptoms of ulnar tunnel syndrome?
Symptoms are the same for both cubital and ulnar tunnel syndrome
Paresthesias over the small finger and ulnar half of the 4th finger, and ulnar
dorsum of the hand
● Exacerbating activities include cell phone use (excessive flexion)
● Night symptoms are caused by sleeping with the arm in flexion
Diagnosis of cubital and ulnar tunnel syndrome?
Diagnosis is suggested by symptoms and signs, and sometimes nerve conduction
studies
Treatment of cubital and ulnar tunnel syndrome?
Treat with NSAIDs, activity modification, and nighttime bracing.
● Operative - ulnar nerve decompression.
What is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the
forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist
What is the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?

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Subject

Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam

2024-2025 Disorders of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (77 Solved Questions)

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