Canadian Police Work 4th Edition Test Bank

Name: Canadian Police Work 4th Edition Test Bank
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Author: Benjamin Clark

Make studying for your exam easier with Canadian Police Work 4th Edition Test Bank, packed with essential test questions.

Benjamin Clark

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NETA Test Bank
to accompany
Prepared by
Danielle Murdoch
Boise State University

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1 CONSIDERING POLICE WORK ................................................................................. 1-1
Chapter 2 THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF POLICE WORK ........................................... 2-1
Chapter 3 CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN POLICING ............................................................. 3-1
Chapter 4 POLICE ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY ............................................................. 4-1
Chapter 5 THE POLICE OCCUPATION ....................................................................................... 5-1
Chapter 6 PATROL AND GENERAL DUTY POLICING ............................................................ 6-1
Chapter 7 POLICE POWERS AND THE USE OF FORCE .......................................................... 7-1
Chapter 8 POLICING IN THE COMMUNITY .............................................................................. 8-1
Chapter 9 POLICE STRATEGIES ................................................................................................. 9-1
Chapter 10 CASE INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................ 10-1
Chapter 11 GOING FORWARD: CRITICAL ISSUES IN CANADIAN POLICING ................... 11-1

iv
PREFACE
ABOUT THE NELSON EDUCATION TEACHING ADVANTAGE (NETA)
In most post-secondary courses, a large percentage of
student assessment is based on multiple-choice testing.
Many instructors use multiple-choice reluctantly, believing
that it is a methodology best used for testing what a
student remembers rather than what she or he has learned.
Nelson Education Ltd. understands that a good quality multiple-choice test bank can provide the
means to measure higher-level thinking skills as well as recall. Recognizing the importance of
multiple-choice testing in today’s classroom, we have created NETA—the Nelson Education
Teaching Advantage program—to ensure the value of our high quality test banks.
The NETA program was created in partnership with David DiBattista, a 3M National Teaching
Fellow, professor of psychology at Brock University, and researcher in the area of multiple-
choice testing. NETA ensures that subject-matter experts who author test banks have had training
in two areas: avoiding common errors in test construction, and developing multiple-choice test
questions that “get beyond remembering” to assess higher-level thinking.
All NETA test banks include David DiBattista’s guide for instructors, “Multiple Choice Tests:
Getting Beyond Remembering.” This guide has been designed to assist you in using Nelson test
banks to achieve your desired outcomes in your course.
The Test Bank for Canadian Police Work, Fourth Edition by Curt T. Griffiths, has been authored
by Danielle Murdoch, Boise State University. The multiple-choice questions were written and
edited to conform to NETA guidelines, which emphasize the development of higher-order
thinking and the effective construction of questions. NETA principles of question construction
help eliminate ambiguity, arguable answers, guesswork, and unconscious cues to test-savvy
students, resulting in a test that accurately reflects student understanding. The Test Bank offers
390 questions including 220 multiple choice questions, 110 true/false questions, and 60 short
answer questions.
In addition to providing a variety of questions related to each chapter objective, this test bank also
employs a series of tags that can help design effective, balanced tests by the measure of course
outcomes. All of the tags are included with the question in the test bank. These tags include:
 ANS: The correct answer. (Suggested answers are provided for the essay questions.)
 PTS: The number of points an instructor can assign for each question. The default is 1 point.
 REF: Linked to the corresponding page number.
 BLM: The category from Bloom’s taxonomy for learning (Remember or Higher Order). This
category is included to assist instructors in assessing student’s higher-order cognitive skills.

Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 1‐1
CHAPTER 1: CONSIDERING POLICE WORK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is defined as “legislation that includes provisions that define the
responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments in the area of criminal justice”?
a. Constitution Act, 1867
b. Canadian Criminal Code, 1867
c. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, 1867
d. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1867
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 4-5 BLM: Remember
2. Incidents such as the planned terrorist attack against the British Columbia legislature in 2013 raise
concerns about domestic terrorism. Imagine that concerned citizens petition the federal government to
expand police powers, including surveillance on individuals who pose a threat to the safety and
security of Canadians. Opponents of this petition argue the expansion of police powers will result in
Canadian citizens losing their rights and freedoms as the government will increasingly use the police
to protect their own interests. What perspective on the role of the police do the opponents support?
a. social contract
b. moral contract
c. radical perspective
d. critical perspective
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 5-6 BLM: Higher Order
3. Which of the following is defined as, “secretive police investigative activities and surveillance of
persons and groups deemed to be a threat to the stability and status quo of the state”?
a. biased policing
b. political policing
c. bureaucratic policing
d. discriminatory policing
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7 BLM: Remember
4. What four key values did the Law Reform Commission of Canada identify as forming the framework
for police work in Canada?
a. justness, fairness, transparency, efficacy
b. justice, equality, transparency, efficacious
c. justice, equality, accountability, efficiency
d. justness, fairness, accountability, efficiency
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 8 BLM: Remember
5. Which statement exemplifies the key value of “justice” identified by the Law Reform Commission of
Canada in their framework for police work in Canada?
a. ensuring that services are cost-effective in meeting performance targets
b. ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and human rights are respected
c. ensuring that organizational actions and police officer actions are subject to review
d. ensuring that all citizens are entitled to policing services that contribute to their feelings of
safety and security
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 8 BLM: Higher Order

Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 1‐2
6. A police officer arrests a high-profile drug dealer. What major area of police activities does this
exemplify?
a. service
b. enforcement
c. crime control
d. order maintenance
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 10 BLM: Higher Order
7. Officers Smith and Johnson spend their entire shift providing assistance to homeless persons, persons
with mental health issues, and at-risk juveniles, including locating housing and treatment services for
these individuals. What phenomenon has contributed to this type of police role?
a. uploading
b. backloading
c. frontloading
d. downloading
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 10 BLM: Higher Order
8. Constable Smith spends her shift assisting a man who is experiencing a psychotic episode and ends up
getting him admitted to a local psychiatric hospital. What concept does this exemplify?
a. diversification
b. interoperability
c. moral authority
d. procedural justice
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 10 BLM: Higher Order
9. What percentage of the Canadian population is foreign-born?
a. 6 percent
b. 9 percent
c. 12 percent
d. 15 percent
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 13 BLM: Remember
10. As of 2011, what percentage of the Canadian population was comprised of visible minorities?
a. 5 percent
b. 10 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 20 percent
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 13 BLM: Remember
11. A key feature of Canada is diversity. Which of the following is NOT an important piece of legislation
as it pertains to policing the diverse population within Canada?
a. Access to Information Act
b. Canadian Human Rights Act
c. Canadian Multiculturalism Act
d. Charter of Rights and Freedoms
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 13-14 BLM: Remember

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 1‐3
12. Defence counsel in a high-profile case has requested background information on the officer who
arrested their client for aggravated assault, alleging the officer’s history of misconduct is vital to their
client’s case. What decision of the Supreme Court of Canada determined that disclosure extends to the
defence counsel being provided with this information?
a. R v. Johnson, 2007
b. R. v. McNeil, 2009
c. R. v. O’Connor, 1995
d. R. v. Stinchcombe, 1991
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 15 BLM: Higher Order
13. A local gang member is seriously assaulted by a rival gang member and decides not to report the crime
to the local police. What does this underreporting contribute to?
a. skewed net-widening
b. the diversion of cases
c. the dark figure of crime
d. decreased interoperability
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 17 BLM: Higher Order
14. How much did policing costs increase in Canada between the years 2002 and 2012?
a. 14 percent
b. 24 percent
c. 34 percent
d. 44 percent
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 17 BLM: Remember
15. According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that contribute to the
“dark figure of crime” phenomenon?
a. Some crimes have no direct victim.
b. Some crime victims are unwilling to report crimes to the police.
c. There are not sufficient police resources to discover unreported crimes.
d. Many of the conflicts to which police officers respond are resolved informally without any
criminal charges being laid.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 17 BLM: Remember
16. As of 2014, what was the estimated total annual cost associated with crime, victimization, and the
criminal justice system in Canada?
a. $65 million
b. $85 million
c. $65 billion
d. $85 billion
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 17 BLM: Remember
17. How much did the crime rate decrease in Canada between 2002 and 2012?
a. 17 percent
b. 27 percent
c. 37 percent
d. 47 percent
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 17 BLM: Remember

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 1‐4
18. Studies in the U.S. have found that, all else being equal, a 10 percent reduction in the size of a typical
police service has been found to lead to an increase in certain offences. How much does the rate of
robbery increase when there is a 10 percent reduction in the size of the police service?
a. 6 percent
b. 9 percent
c. 12 percent
d. 15 percent
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 18 BLM: Remember
19. Studies in the U.S. have found that, all else being equal, a 10 percent reduction in the size of a typical
police service has been found to lead to an increase in certain offences. How much does the rate of
serious assaults increase when there is a 10 percent reduction in the size of the police service?
a. 3 percent
b. 6 percent
c. 9 percent
d. 12 percent
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 18 BLM: Remember
20. A police officer uses force to arrest a suspect and the video is posted to a social media website by an
onlooker within two hours of the incident. What key concept in the study of police work does this
exemplify?
a. the cost-benefits of policing
b. the changing boundaries of policing
c. the increasing visibility of the police
d. the transparency and accountability of the police
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 19-20 BLM: Higher Order
TRUE/FALSE
1. Policing is the “activities of any individual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private
organizations or persons to maintain security or social order while empowered by either public or
private contract, regulations or policies, written or verbal.”
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 4 BLM: Remember
2. No other piece of legislation has had as strong an impact on the powers and activities of the police as
The Constitution Act, 1867.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 4 BLM: Remember
3. Police officers experience conflict in carrying out their duties because they are expected to protect both
public order and individual rights.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 8 BLM: Remember
4. Police officers spend most of their time enforcing the law and much less time attending to order
maintenance activities.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 10 BLM: Remember

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 1‐5
5. Police officers, military officers, and correctional officers are the only criminal justice personnel in
Canada with the authority to use force.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 11 BLM: Remember
6. The rates of violent crime in Canada are highest in remote, Northern Aboriginal and Inuit
communities.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 16 BLM: Remember
7. Canada’s homicide rate is at its lowest level since the 1960s.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 16 BLM: Remember
8. The costs of the Canadian justice system increased by 45 percent between 2002 and 2012.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 17 BLM: Remember
9. Griffiths defines police legitimacy as “neutral, fair, and respectful decision-making procedures
employed by police agencies.”
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 18 BLM: Remember
10. “Trial by YouTube” refers to citizens judging the appropriateness of police decision making based on
video clips posted to social media websites.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 20 BLM: Remember
SHORT ANSWER
1. Define policing and briefly discuss three influences on the role and activities of the police.
ANS:
Answers will vary but should include reference to the following:
-Policing: the activities of any individual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private
organizations or persons to maintain security or social order (p. 4).
-Three influences on the role and activities of the police.
-The Community
-Diversity
-Geography
-The Police Organization
-Legislation
-Court Decisions
-Crime
PTS: 1 REF: p. 4 and pp. 11-17 BLM: Remember
2. Discuss the importance of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Constitution Act, and the
Criminal Code with respect to police practices in Canada. Further, discuss the challenges police
services face in finding a balance between maintaining public safety and security and adhering to the
rule of law and ensuring citizen rights.
ANS:

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 1‐6
Answers will vary but should include reference to the following:
-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: component of the Constitution Act that guarantees basic
rights and freedoms.
-Constitution Act, 1867: legislation that includes provisions that define the responsibilities of the
federal and provincial governments in the area of criminal justice.
-Criminal Code: federal legislation that sets out criminal law, procedures for prosecuting federal
offences, and sentences and procedures for the administration of justice.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 4-5 BLM: Higher Order
3. Describe the differences between the social contract perspective on the role of the police and the
radical perspective on the role of the police, and discuss which perspective you support.
ANS:
Social contract perspective: considers the police to be a politically neutral force that acts primarily to
enforce the law and protect the public. Radical perspective: views the police as an instrument used by
governments and powerful interests to suppress dissent, stifle protest, and help maintain the status quo.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 5-6 BLM: Remember and Higher Order
4. How have concerns with international and domestic terrorism changed policing practices in Canada?
Discuss how these concerns will continue to change policing practices in Canada in the years to come.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 6-7 and p. 15 BLM: Higher Order
5. Define the term “dark figure of crime,” and explain three factors that contribute to it. Further, discuss
strategies to increase reporting to more accurately capture crime rates in Canada.
ANS:
Answers will vary but should include:
-Dark figure of crime: difference between how much crime occurs and how much crime is reported to
or discovered by the police.
-Why does the dark figure of crime exist? Unwillingness of crime victims to report to the police, some
crimes have no direct victim, and many conflicts to which police respond are resolved informally
without any charges being laid.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 16-17 BLM: Remember and Higher Order

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 2‐1
CHAPTER 2: THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF POLICE WORK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In which country did policing evolve into an institution?
a. Italy
b. France
c. Greece
d. England
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 25 BLM: Remember
2. Suppose that you were a 40-year-old male living in England prior to 1066 and you were part
of a group composed of 10 families. What was the name of the group to which you belonged?
a. tenthly
b. tything
c. intercluster
d. aggregation
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 26 BLM: Higher Order
3. Who was the forerunner of the English police officer?
a. tenthman
b. tythingman
c. centuryman
d. hundredman
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 26 BLM: Remember
4. Which piece of government legislation was responsible for making policing a community
responsibility in England?
a. Statute of London
b. Statute of Winchester
c. Justice of the Peace Act
d. Statute of the Frankpledge Act
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 27 BLM: Remember
5. Suppose that you were part of England’s first organized police body as a paid police constable
in the mid-1700s in England and reported to a justice of the peace. What was the name of the
organization you belonged to?
a. Bow Street Runners
b. Police Street Runners
c. Peeler Street Runners
d. Bobby Street Runners
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 27 BLM: Higher Order
6. When was England’s first organized body of police established?
a. late 1600s
b. late 1700s

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 2‐2
c. mid 1600s
d. mid 1700s
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 27 BLM: Remember
7. Which piece of government legislation was responsible for establishing a full-time, unarmed
police force in London, England?
a. Civic Police Act
b. Citizen Police Act
c. Municipal Police Act
d. Metropolitan Police Act
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 28 BLM: Remember
8. Who was responsible for managing the first attempt at community policing by an organized
police service?
a. Sir Robert Peel
b. Sir Wilfrid Laurier
c. Sir Oliver Cromwell
d. Sir Winston Churchill
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 28 BLM: Remember
9. When did police constables appear in Upper Canada (now Ontario)?
a. late 1700s
b. late 1800s
c. early 1700s
d. early 1800s
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 30 BLM: Remember
10. Imagine you live in pre-Confederation Canada (pre-1867) and you are questioned for
committing a crime; the person who questions you is a militia captain. Which country has
settled your community?
a. Britain
b. France
c. Sweden
d. Germany
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 30 BLM: Higher Order
11. What is the name of the individual who received Canada’s first traffic violation ticket?
a. George Weiss
b. Henry Fielding
c. Henry Franklin
d. George Withrow
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 31 BLM: Remember
12. Constable Smith works closely with the Inuit in his community, relying on them for assistance
in using a dog sled for transportation. What characteristic of the RCMP as an organization
does this reflect?
a. broad mandate

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 2‐3
b. decentralized training
c. policing diverse environments
d. exchange-of-services agreement
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 32 BLM: Higher Order
13. Which province established Canada’s first territorial police force?
a. Alberta
b. Ontario
c. British Columbia
d. Prince Edward Island
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 32 BLM: Remember
14. In what year was the first woman appointed to the position of sergeant in Canada?
a. 1974
b. 1977
c. 1984
d. 1987
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 34 BLM: Remember
15. In what year was the name of the North-West Mounted Police changed to the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police (RCMP) as it exists today?
a. 1900
b. 1910
c. 1920
d. 1930
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 37 BLM: Remember
16. In what year was the North-West Mounted Police founded?
a. 1873
b. 1883
c. 1893
d. 1903
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 37 BLM: Remember
17. Suppose that you were a Canadian university student in the 1960s and participated in
left-wing student societies and demonstrations. Which police service could have been
targeting you for surveillance activities?
a. Sûreté du Québec
b. Ontario Provincial Police
c. Royal Canadian Mounted Police
d. British Columbia Provincial Police
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 41 BLM: Higher Order

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 2‐4
18. Imagine you arrive at Toronto’s Pearson International Airport from a recent vacation in the
United States. You interact with Canadian customs agents shortly after arriving, you speak
with officers from both the Peel Regional Police Service and Royal Canadian Mounted Police
as you wait at the baggage claim, and you walk past a Group 4 Securitas security guard
patrolling the parking lot where you left your car. What does this experience exemplify about
changes in Canadian policing arrangements as discussed by Griffiths?
a. pluralization of policing
b. naturalization of policing
c. urbanization of police work
d. globalization of police work
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 45 BLM: Higher Order
19. While attending a concert at your local stadium, you notice that stadium-hired officers and
your local police service are conducting security for the event. What is this practice called?
a. joint policing
b. shared policing
c. cooperative policing
d. collaborative policing
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 45 BLM: Higher Order
20. Imagine an 18-year-old man is arrested and detained in police lock-up and dies of injuries
sustained during the arrest. The local community is outraged and organizes protests against
the local police—accused of using excessive force in times past—that soon turn into violent
riots. The police respond with their newly acquired armoured vehicles and place snipers on
the roofs of the buildings surrounding the location of the riots. What does this exemplify?
a. militarization of the police
b. nationalization of the police
c. proliferation of armed forces
d. assimilation of armed forces
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 47-48 BLM: Higher Order
TRUE/FALSE
1. Policing was a community responsibility prior to the Industrial Revolution and the
development of capitalism.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 25 BLM: Remember
2. In the early 1800s, there was extensive opposition to the creation of the first organized police
service in London.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 28 BLM: Remember
3. The first police constables in Canada were appointed in Quebec City in the early 1800s.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 30 BLM: Remember

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 2‐5
4. Legislation was passed in 1858 in Upper Canada that authorized towns and cities to create
boards of commissions to oversee police forces.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 31 BLM: Remember
5. Canada’s first territorial police force was established in 1858.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 32 BLM: Remember
6. Women officers were paid less than their male counterparts until the mid-1980s.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 34 BLM: Remember
7. The RCMP did not swear in their first women officers until 1964.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 34 BLM: Remember
8. As late as 1861, the Hudson’s Bay Company’s chief judicial officer served as the jailer, chief
medical officer, sheriff, and coroner in the Canadian West.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 35 BLM: Remember
9. The British Columbia Provincial Police (BCPP) force was formed in 1891.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 35 BLM: Remember
10. The most widely recognized symbol of Canada throughout the world is the beaver.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 38 BLM: Remember
SHORT ANSWER
1. Define “hue and cry” and describe how this principle reflected police practices in England
prior to the Industrial Revolution and the advent of capitalism.
ANS:
The “hue and cry” was the requirement in early England that all able-bodied men assist the
police. Failure to do so could result in punishment for the citizens, often equal to that imposed
on the lawbreaker. This principle reflects how policing was the responsibility of the
community rather than the responsibility of the state.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 25-26 BLM: Remember
2. Discuss the significance of the Metropolitan Police Act (1829).
ANS:
The Metropolitan Police Act (1829) established a full-time unarmed police force in London.
The significance lies in the fact policing in England moved away from secretive, authoritarian
policing models that were operating in continental Europe and towards a model that was
compatible with previous community policing practices and growing democratic values.

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Test Bank t/a Canadian Police Work 2‐6
PTS: 1 REF: p. 28 BLM: Remember
3. Describe the contribution Sir Robert Peel made to the field of policing.
ANS:
Sir Robert Peel founded the first organized police service in England in 1829 under the
Metropolitan Police Act. The principles of Sir Robert Peel form the basis of community
policing followed today.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 27-30 BLM: Remember
4. Compare and contrast public police and private security officers.
ANS:
Students will compare and contrast public and private security officers by discussing a few of
the following distinctions: private security officers work for private companies whose raison
d’être is profit. Public police officers, in contrast, work for the public and are generally not
involved in issues related to economic profit. Public police are controlled and held
accountable through various public, government-sponsored agencies and organizations.
Private security services are not required to adhere to provincial police acts or to the policing
standards that supplement police act legislation. There is no onus on private security services
to engage in community-based policing. Private security forces are, in essence, an extension
of company management and are concerned primarily with protecting the owner’s investment.
Public police are armed and have the authority to use deadly force, enforce the law, maintain
order, and provide a wide range of non-enforcement services to the general public. Students
may also explain that in general, private security personnel have no more legal authority than
ordinary citizens to enforce the law or protect property, although they can arrest and detain
people who have committed a crime on private property.
PTS: 1
5. Define tiered policing, pluralization of policing, and collaborative policing, and discuss one
potential negative consequence of these changes in Canadian policing.
ANS:
Tiered policing refers to the model of police work involving a mix of traditional sworn police
officers with new types of police and private security personnel. Pluralization of policing
refers to the expansion of policing beyond the public police to include parapolice and private
security. Collaborative policing refers to the cooperation between public and private police.
One potentially negative consequence of these changes in Canadian policing is that any poor
behaviour conducted by private police officers may impact the public’s perception of the
public police. This is due to the similarities in the uniforms worn by public and private police
officers and the public’s inability to tell the difference between the two types of officers and
their behaviour.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 45-46 BLM: Remember

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