Community-Based Corrections 10th Edition Test Bank

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Make studying for your exam easier with Community-Based Corrections 10th Edition Test Bank, packed with essential test questions.

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1. How many people are currently under some form of correctional supervision in the United States?
a. 7 million b. 1.2 million
c. 42 million d. 5 million
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
2. The release of an offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time during which the
court retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the conditions
is:
a. Probation b. Parole
c. Mandatory conditional release d. Electronic monitoring
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
3. ______ refers to any sanction in which offenders serve all or a portion of their entire sentence in the community.
a. Community corrections b. Social justice
c. Restorative justice d. Halfway house
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
4. The most common form of community corrections is:
a. Boot camp b. Community restitution
c. Probation d. Parole
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
5. From the 1930s to the 1970s, _____ was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.
a. determinate sentencing b. three-strikes
c. indeterminate sentencing d. retribution
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page 1Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

6. What type of sentence would a judge give an offender under an indeterminate sentencing model?
a. 20 years b. Life
c. 5 to 10 years d. Death
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
7. Which of the following is NOT considered a determinate sentencing philosophy?
a. mandatory minimums b. truth-in-sentencing
c. discretionary parole d. three strikes laws
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
8. Lack of confidence in correctional programming peaked in 1974 when _____ _____ publication concluded that,
“with few exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect on
recidivism.”
a. Robert Martinson’s b. Andrew von Hirsch’s
c. Herbert Packer’s d. James Marquart’s
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
9. Determinate sentencing is often referred to as:
a. unconstitutional b. flat-time
c. round time d. a range
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
10. In 1975, _________ was the first state to return to a philosophy of determinate sentencing.
a. Texas b. Maine
c. Oklahoma d. Florida
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page 2Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

11. In determinate sentencing, the range of permissible sentences is determined largely by:
a. Legislated statutes b. Treatment goals and objectives
c. Parole boards d. Boards of pardons and clemency
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
12. _____ require offenders to serve specified portions of their sentence prior to release.
a. Three-strikes laws
b. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws
c. Community-based treatments
d. Faith-based treatment programs
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
13. Truth-in-sentencing laws require offenders to serve at least _________ of their original sentence length before
becoming eligible for release.
a. 90% b. 85%
c. 75% d. 50%
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
14. The concept that communities are made safer by removing unsafe residents is ingrained in American tradition, but
correctional policy shifts according to legislators’ perceptions of what the public wants. This relationship is known as:
a. The swing of the pendulum b. The enigma
c. The revolution d. The paradox
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5
15. Surveys have suggested that adults support prisons that emphasize:
a. Rehabilitation b. Retribution
c. Deterrence d. Restitution
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page 3Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

16. A recent national opinion poll indicated that the most well-known alternatives to incarceration are probation, house
arrest, and:
a. Boot camp b. Electronic monitoring
c. Day reporting centers d. Shock probation
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
17. The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and:
a. reentry b. punishment
c. probation d. diversion
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision Points
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
18. (A) _____ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure a defendant's return for the next court date, in
exchange for the defendant's release.
a. fine b. restitution
c. bail d. retribution
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pretrial and the Bail Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
19. Any activity or program that is conducted to prepare parolees to return safely to the community and to live as law
abiding citizens is known as:
a. Compulsive education b. Prisoner reentry
c. Intensive supervision d. Parole
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Reentry Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
20. _____ offer graduated levels of supervision and provide rewards for positive behavior, with gradually less
supervision when offenders are successful.
a. Intermediate sanctions b. Incarcerative punishments
c. Indeterminate sentences d. Restrictive sanctions
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Sentencing Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page 4Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

21. The discretionary release of an offender before the expiration of his or her sentence under conditions established by
the releasing authority is:
a. Intensive probation b. Restorative justice
c. Parole d. Mandatory conditional release
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Reentry Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
22. _____ assumes that offenders who are under community supervision will refrain from committing new crimes or
technical violations if he or she feels that the costs outweigh the benefits.
a. General deterrence b. Specific deterrence
c. Absolute deterrence d. Initial deterrence
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Protecting the Public Through Specific Deterrence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
23. _____ is focused on crime victims and emphasizes offender responsibility to repair the injustice the offender has
caused. The philosophy is known as:
a. Restorative justice b. Community justice
c. Community restitution d. Social justice
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Restorative Justice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
24. Restorative justice is most effective with _____ crimes.
a. Drug b. Nonviolent
c. Public order d. Sexual
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Restorative Justice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
25. _____ is a form of corrections that uses current best practices or interventions for which there is consistent and
solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet intended outcomes is known.
a. Evidence-based practice b. Outcome-based education
c. Evaluative-based practice d. Empirical research
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page 5Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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26. Using an intermediate sanction as a stiffer punishment for offenders who would have ordinarily been sentenced to
probation or other lesser sanctions is known as:
a. Community service b. Net widening
c. Prison population reduction d. Deferring sentence
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Evaluating Effectiveness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
27. The most commonly used dependant variable when evaluating the effectiveness of treatment programs is:
a. Financial goals and objectives b. Recidivism
c. Restitution collected d. Number of probationers employed
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Outcome Measures in Evaluation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
28. Which of the following is often used as a measure of recidivism?
a. Rearrest b. Reconviction
c. Reincarceration d. All of these choices
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Outcome Measures in Evaluation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
29. The public demands correctional programs that satisfy both _________ and public safety objectives.
a. Treatment b. Punishment
c. Restoration d. Counseling
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Outcome Measures in Evaluation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5
30. Our nation’s crime control policies over the last three decades have resulted in a steady increase of convicted
misdemeanants and felons in the correctional system today.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page 6Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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31. Community corrections are sanctions that may be completed after a defendant serves time in prison.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
32. The most common form of community supervision is probation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
33. Nearly 3% of the total adult population in the United States is under some form of correctional supervision.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
34. Until the 1990s, determinate sentencing was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
35. Robert Martinson found that correctional rehabilitation programs were effective at reducing recidivism.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page 7Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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36. All states have adopted mandatory minimum sentencing laws for certain types of offenses and require that a
minimum period of time be served before release can be considered.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
37. Parole is allowed at the federal level.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
38. The most well-known community-based corrections are probation, house arrest, and electronic monitoring,.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5
39. "Redeemability" is convincing the public that offenders can change their ways.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5
40. Due to the fiscal crisis, there is growing consensus that jail and prison facilities should be used for the most serious
offenders.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Prison is Expensive
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page 8Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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41. Bail is one of the three major decision points in the corrections system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision Points
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
42. Pretrial supervision is reserved for those who have not yet been convicted.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Pretrial and the Bail Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
43. Less than half of all prisoners will ever be released from prison.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Reentry Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
44. Parole is used for offenders who have not yet been convicted.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Parole
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5
45. In contrast to mainstream criminal justice that is focused on the punishment of the offender, restorative justice is
centered on the victim throughout the process and emphasizes the offender’s responsibility to repair the injustice and
wrong caused to the victim.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Restorative Justice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page 9Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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46. Specific deterrence attempts to deter the general public.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Protecting the Public Through Specific Deterrence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
47. “Evidencebased practices” means using the experience and opinions of individuals in the field who have supervised
caseloads for a long time to decide the impact a program has on participants.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
48. “Net Widening” results in a cost increase instead of a cost savings.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Evaluating Effectiveness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
49. Recidivism can be measured as re-arrest, reconviction, or re-incarceration.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Outcome Measures in Evaluation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
50. The release of a convicted offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time during
which the court retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the
conditions is known as __________.
ANSWER: probation
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
51. Community service, house arrest, day fines, and boot camps are examples of ____________________.
ANSWER: intermediate sanctions
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5Page 10Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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52. _____ sentencing provides a range of punishments and allows the parole board to determine when an offender has
been rehabilitated.
ANSWER: Indeterminate
REFERENCES: Indeterminate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 4
53. _____ became the first state to return to a determinate sentencing structure.
ANSWER: Maine
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencig
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
54. A "flat sentence" is the same as a _____ sentence.
ANSWER: determinate
REFERENCES: The Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
55. The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and _____.
ANSWER: reentry
REFERENCES: The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision Points
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
56. Examples of ___________ sentencing policies include mandatory minimums, truth in sentencing, three strikes laws,
and sentencing guidelines.
ANSWER: determinate
REFERENCES: Origins of Determinate Sentencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5
57. Correctional policy is in many ways a ____________, because it shifts according to the tide of public perception
and what is important to vocal constituents and public interest groups.
ANSWER: paradox
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5
58. __________ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure the return of a defendant charged with a
crime.
ANSWER: bail
REFERENCES: Pretrial and the Bail Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3Page 11Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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59. Correcting an inadequacy of an offender is known as _____.
ANSWER: rehabilitation
REFERENCES: Rehabilitation through Risk/Need/Responsivity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
60. The _____ assumes at a basic level that offender compliance and active participation are integral to the offender's
own success on community supervision.
ANSWER: participation process model
REFERENCES: An Integrated Theory of Community Supervision: The Participation Process Model
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
61. Any activity or program to prepare parolees to return safely to the community is called
_______________________.
ANSWER: prisoner reentry
REFERENCES: Reentry Decision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
62. The philosophy and sanction of allowing the offender to remain in the community with the responsibility of repairing
the injustice caused to the victim is ___________________.
ANSWER: restorative justice
REFERENCES: Restorative Justice
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
63. ___________________________is using current best practices or interventions for which there is consistent and
solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes.
ANSWER: Evidence-based practices
REFERENCES: Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.4 - 5
64. Return to criminal behavior, usually measured as either rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration is called
__________.
ANSWER: recidivism
REFERENCES: Evaluating Effectiveness
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.3 - 5Page 12Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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65. What does a “continuum of sanctions” mean in the sentencing process? If you were a judge, how would you apply
this continuum?
ANSWER: Figure 1.1 shows the wide variety of community-based sanctions available, including
residential programs (e.g., halfway houses and therapeutic communities), economic
sanctions (e.g., restitution, fines, and forfeitures), and nonresidential or outpatient
options (e.g., probation, parole, and electronic monitoring). As a judge, I would apply
this continuum by comparing the risks and needs presented by the offender to the
ability of the chosen sanction to control the risk and meet the needs. At the most
restrictive\punitive end of the continuum, I would reserve institutional corrections only
for those offenses warranting retributive sentencing or to prevent any further crime by
the offender until programming could be completed addressing the needs of the
offender that would serve to diminish the probability of future criminal acts. As the
degree of risk and severity of needs decrease, the sanction chosen from the continuum
would be reduced commensurately all the way down to regular probation.
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 4
66. What recent factors have contributed to correctional growth?
ANSWER: Box 1.1 shows the latest government statistics regarding the number of people
currently on some form of correctional supervision. As of December 31, 2006 there
were 4.2 million offenders on probation, and nearly 800,000 on parole, which is
considerably more than the 2.3 million offenders incarcerated in jail and prison. Over
the last 7 years, there was an average increase of 2.4 percent of prisoners and 1.7
percent of those on community supervision each year in the corrections system
(Bonczar 2008; Glaze & Bonczar 2008). The number of female offenders has grown
as well, although women have always been underrepresented in the criminal justice
system in comparison to their numbers in the general population. Sources say that in
the last 15 years, the number of women on probation and parole has doubled. While
this sounds like a lot, women still comprise only 12 percent of all parolees and 23
percent of probationers today.
Although the increase is showing signs of slowing down some, the rise of convicted
offenders is directly related to a number of factors including: changes in sentencing
laws, an increase of probation and parole violators returning to prison, a decreased rate
of release on discretionary parole, and differential police responses to drug offenses
(Beck 2000).
REFERENCES: The Correctional Dilemma
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.2 - 5Page 13Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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67. What is the value in public opinion poll research compared to social science research?
ANSWER: Public opinion research on sentencing preferences demonstrated higher validity when
the public was given diverse sentencing options and adequate information, such as
program descriptions and detailed information about an offense or an offender.
However, readers are cautioned that exposure to information may have only short-term
effects rather than lasting effects, since many beliefs about crime and punishment are
based on emotional rather than rational arguments (Maruna and King, 2008). This
reliance on emotional reactions may lead to temporary increases in funding for
particular programs, policies, or sanctions. However, it may also lead to the
continuance of having punishments that do not achieve the desired outcomes. A good
example is three-strikes legislation that has not always resulted in removing only the
most serious offenders from society. Conversely, valid social science research
removes the emotional response and measures the degree of effectiveness of
programs based on the program’s ability to achieve desired outcomes/goals.
REFERENCES: The Paradox
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 4
68. Will evidence-based practices (EBP) be just another passing fad?
ANSWER: Decreasing risk, increasing rehabilitation, and restorative justice are important
components in changing offenders’ attitudes and behaviors, leading to the prevention of
future criminal behavior. Part of the challenge therein, lies in public recognition of the
importance that community corrections serves to increase public safety and in the
method of choice for those who break the law. One of the ways to accomplish such an
image change is through evidence-based practices. EBP is not based on intuition,
speculation, anecdotal evidence, or tradition (e.g., “that’s the way we’ve always done it
around here”).
Rather, EBP is grounded in empirical data and research in studying what works. The
idea behind EBP in corrections is that agencies should use only the most successful
programs. The programs that are the best are effective in changing offender behavior
—whether that behavior is reducing rearrest, reducing technical violations, increasing
the number of drug free days, or the number of days offender is working or employed
while on supervision. Each goal will need a way to be measure empirically—meaning
accurate data needs to be recorded electronically for later evaluation. To the extent
that EPB is successful in describing programs that work and reduce crime and fear of
crime then it will be accepted. However, in the past the public has relied upon
recidivism as the variable that comes to their minds when discussing success. If
recidivism is not reduced then it is possible that EPB will not be accepted on a long
term basis.
REFERENCES: Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.5 - 4Page 14Chapter_1__An_Overview_of_Community_Corrections__Goals_and_Evidence_Based_Practices

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1. Contemporary probation was the result of effort in England and the US to:
a. avoid harsh corporal punishments
b. ensure the capture of a greater number of offenders
c. maximize punishment and retribution
d. coordinate community corrections efforts with parole programs
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Precursors to American Probation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
2. In early British criminal law, punishments consisted primarily of:
a. Prison b. Jail
c. Corporal punishment d. Fines
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Precursors to American Probation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
3. In early British criminal law, a/n _____ was a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of a court for an
offense.
a. amercement b. filing
c. surety d. motion to quash
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Precursors to American Probation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
4. The case of _____ is often cited as an example of the early use of release on recognizance.
a. Roper v. Simmons b. Commonwealth v. Chase
c. Gideon v. Wainwright d. In re Gault
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Procedures Related to Modern Probation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3
5. Security for good behavior is similar to modern day:
a. bail b. fines
c. day fines d. restitution
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Precursors to American Probation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: COBC.ALAR.13.1 - 3Page 1Chapter_2__How_Probation_Developed__Chronicling_Its_Past_and_Present

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