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CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide: Exam XK0-005 (2022)

CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide: Exam XK0-005 (2022) provides everything you need to pass your certification test.

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DownloadedfromStudyXY.com&+StudyXYnas,as.aTBStudy[|AnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontribu:ors.wv6)www.studyxy.com

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onExamVouchers”

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Linux+StudyGuideFifthEdition

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Linux+StudyGuideFifthEditionRichardBlumChristineBresnahanCusmex

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Copyright©2022byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.978-1-119-87894-0978-1-119-87895-7(ebk.)978-1-119-87896-4(ebk.)Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatvwcopyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineatwww.wiley.com/go/permission.Trademarks:WILEY,theWileylogo,andtheSybexlogoaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.and/oritsaffiliates,intheUnitedStatesandothercountries,andmaynotbeusedwithoutwrittenpermission.CompTIAisaregisteredtrademarkoftheComputingTechnologyIndustryAssociation,Inc.Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.isnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationwarrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesorpromotionalmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforeverysituation.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnoengagedinrenderinglegal,accounting,orotherprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionalassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalpersonshouldbesought.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformationtheorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbeawaretheInternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiLey.com.LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022930210Coverimage:©JeremyWoodhouse/GettyImagesCoverdesign:WileyStudy

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AcknowledgmentsFirst,allgloryandpraisegotoGod,whothroughHisSon,JesusChrist,makesallthingspossibleandgivesusthegiftofeternallife.ManythanksgotothefantasticteamofpeopleatSybexfortheiroutstandingworkonthisproject.ThankstoKenyonBrown,thesenioracquisitionseditor,forofferingustheopportunitytoworkonthisbook.AlsothankstoKimWimpsett,thedevelopmenteditor,forkeepingthingsontrackandmakingthebookmorepresentable.Thanks,Kim,forallyourhardworkanddiligence.Thetechnicalproofreader,DavidClinton,didawonderfuljobofdouble-checkingalloftheworkinthebookinadditiontomakingsuggestionstoimprovethecontent.ThanksalsogoestotheyoungandtalentedDanielAnez(theanez.com)forhisillustrationwork.WewouldalsoliketothankCaroleJelenatWatersideProductions,Inc.,forarrangingthisopportunityforusandforhelpingusoutinourwritingcareers.RichwouldparticularlyliketothankhiswifeBarbaraforenduringhisgrouchyattitudeduringthisprojectandhelpingtokeepuphisspiritswithbakedgoods.

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AbouttheAuthorsRichardBlum,CompTIALinux+ce,CompTIASecurity+ce,LPIC-1,hasalsoworkedintheITindustryformorethan35yearsasbothasystemandnetworkadministrator,andhehaspublishednumerousLinuxandopensourcebooks.RichisanonlineinstructorforLinuxandwebprogrammingcoursesthatareusedbycollegesanduniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.Whenheisnotbeingacomputernerd,RichenjoysspendingtimewithhiswifeBar-baraandhistwodaughters,KatieandJessica.ChristineBresnahan,CompTIALinux+,LPIC-1,startedworkingwithcomputersmorethan35yearsagointheITindustryasasystemadministrator.ChristineisanadjunctprofessoratIvyTechCommunityCollege,wheresheteachesLinuxcertificationandPythonprogram-mingclasses.Shealsowritesbooksandproducesinstructionalresourcesfortheclassroom.Study

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AbouttheTechnicalEditorDavidClintonisaLinuxServerProfessionalandanAmazonWebServices(AWS)solutionsarchitectwith10years’experienceteachingtechnologysubjects.Besideshisbooks(Wiley/Sybex,Manning,andindependentlypublished),he’screateddozensofvideocoursesforPluralsight.HeworkswithLinuxadministration,AWS,dataanalytics,security,andservervirtualization.Study

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ContentsataGlanceIntroductionxxxiAssessmentTestxlivAnswerstoAssessmentTestIvPart|GatheringYourTools1Chapter1PreparingYourEnvironment3Chapter2IntroductiontoServices17Chapter3ManagingFiles,Directories,andText43Chapter4SearchingandAnalyzingText89PartIIStartingUpandConfiguringYourSystem131Chapter5ExplainingtheBootProcess133Chapter6MaintainingSystemStartupandServices157Chapter7ConfiguringNetworkConnections199Chapter8ComparingGUIs235Chapter9AdjustingLocalizationOptions269PartIllManagingYourSystem289Chapter10AdministeringUsersandGroups291Chapter11HandlingStorage329Chapter12ProtectingFiles363Chapter13GoverningSoftware393Chapter14TendingKernelModules423PartIVSecuringYourSystem437Chapter15ApplyingOwnershipandPermissions439Chapter16LookingatAccessandAuthenticationMethods469Chapter17ImplementingLoggingServices503Chapter18OverseeingLinuxFirewalls517Chapter19EmbracingBestSecurityPractices547T=StudyX

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xivContentsataGlancePartVTroubleshootingYourSystem571Chapter20AnalyzingSystemPropertiesandRemediation573Chapter21OptimizingPerformance607Chapter22InvestigatingUserIssues623Chapter23DealingwithLinuxDevices643Chapter24TroubleshootingApplicationandHardwareIssues667PartVIAutomatingYourSystem697Chapter25DeployingBashScripts699Chapter26AutomatingJobs727Chapter27ControllingVersionswithGit749PartVIIRealizingVirtualandCloudEnvironments771Chapter28UnderstandingCloudandVirtualizationConcepts773Chapter29InspectingCloudandVirtualizationServices791Chapter30OrchestratingtheEnvironment813AppendixAnswerstotheReviewQuestions829Index897T=StudyX

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ContentsIntroductionxxxiAssessmentTestxlivAnswerstoAssessmentTestIvPart|GatheringYourTools1Chapter1PreparingYourEnvironment3SettingUpaLearningSpace4UsingThatOldLaptop4CreatingaVirtualizedEnvironment5JumpingtotheCloud7ExploringLinuxDistributions8LookingatRedHatEnterpriseLinux9LookingatUbuntu10LookingatopenSUSE1LookingatFedora12LocatingaTerminal14Summary15Chapter2IntroductiontoServices17WhatIsaLinuxServer?18LaunchingServices19ListeningforClients20ServingtheBasics22WebServers22DatabaseServers23MailServers25ServingLocalNetworks27FileServers27PrintServers28NetworkResourceServers29ImplementingSecurity31AuthenticationServer31CertificateAuthority33AccessServer(SSH)33VirtualPrivateNetworks34ProxyServer34Monitoring34Study

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xviContentsImprovingPerformance35Clustering35LoadBalancing35Containers35Summary36ExamEssentials37ReviewQuestions38Chapter3ManagingFiles,Directories,andText43HandlingFilesandDirectories44ViewingandCreatingFiles44CopyingandMovingFiles50RemovingFiles56LinkingFilesandDirectories60EstablishingaHardLink60ConstructingaSoftLink62ReadingFiles63ReadingEntireTextFiles64ReadingTextFilePortions66ReadingTextFilePages70FindingInformation71ViewingFileInformation72ExploringFileDifferences72UsingSimplePinpointCommands75UsingIntricatePinpointCommands79Summary82ExamEssentials83ReviewQuestions84Chapter4SearchingandAnalyzingText89ProcessingTextFiles90FilteringText90FormattingText95DeterminingWordCount99RedirectingInputandOutput101HandlingStandardOutput101RedirectingStandardError102RegulatingStandardInput104PipingCommands106CreatingHereDocuments108CreatingCommandLines109EditingTextFiles111AppreciatingTextEditors111LearningaboutStreamEditors116Summary123

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ContentsxviiExamEssentials124ReviewQuestions125PartIIStartingUpandConfiguringYourSystem131Chapter5ExplainingtheBootProcess133TheLinuxBootProcess134FollowingtheBootProcess134ViewingtheBootProcess135TheFirmwareStartup136TheBIOSStartup136TheUEFIStartup137LinuxBootloaders138GRUBLegacy139GRUB2143AlternativeBootloaders145SystemRecovery146KernelFailures146RootDriveFailure148Summary150ExamEssentials150ReviewQuestions152Chapter6MaintainingSystemStartupandServices157Lookingatinit158ManagingsystemdSystems159ExploringUnitFiles160FocusingonServiceUnitFiles162FocusingonTargetUnitFiles167Lookingatsystemctl168ExaminingSpecialsystemdCommands172ManagingSysVinitSystems178UnderstandingRunlevels178InvestigatingSysVinitCommands182DiggingDeeperintosystemd187LookingatsystemdMountUnits187ExploringAutomountUnits189FocusingonTimerUnitFiles190Summary191ExamEssentials191ReviewQuestions194Chapter7ConfiguringNetworkConnections199ConfiguringNetworkFeatures200NetworkConfigurationFiles201

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xviiiContentsGraphicalTools203Command-LineTools205Command-LineNetworkingTool214BasicNetworkTroubleshooting217SendingTestPackets217FindingHostInformation219AdvancedNetworkTroubleshooting222ThenetstatCommand222ExaminingSockets226MonitoringtheNetwork226Summary228ExamEssentials229ReviewQuestions231Chapter8ComparingGUIs235FocusingontheGUI236GettingtoKnowGNOME237ProbingKDEPlasma239ConsideringCinnamon241MakingAcquaintancewithMATE243SettingUpAccessibility245ServingUptheGUI247FiguringOutWayland248ExaminingX11250UsingRemoteDesktops252ViewingVNC252GraspingXrdp254ExploringNX256StudyingSPICE257Forwarding257Local259Remote260TunnelingYourX11Connection261Summary262ExamEssentials262ReviewQuestions264Chapter9AdjustingLocalizationOptions269UnderstandingLocalization270CharacterSets270EnvironmentVariables271SettingYourLocale272InstallationLocaleDecisions272ChangingYourLocale272

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ContentsxixLookingatTime275‘WorkingwithTimeZones275SettingtheTimeandDate276‘WatchingSystemTime280Summary281ExamEssentials282ReviewQuestions284PartIllManagingYourSystem289Chapter10AdministeringUsersandGroups291ManagingUserAccounts292AddingAccounts292MaintainingPasswords304ModifyingAccounts306DeletingAccounts308ManagingGroups309SettingUptheEnvironment313PerusingBashParameters313UnderstandingUserEntries314GraspingGlobalEntries316QueryingUsers316ExploringthewhoamiUtility316UnderstandingthewhoUtility317IdentifyingwiththeidProgram318DisplayingAccessHistorywiththelastUtility319ManagingDiskSpaceUsage320Summary323ExamEssentials324ReviewQuestions325Chapter11HandlingStorage329StorageBasics330DriveConnections330PartitioningDrives331AutomaticDriveDetection331PartitioningTools332Workingwithfdisk332Workingwithgdisk334TheGNUpartedCommand336GraphicalTools337UnderstandingFilesystems337TheVirtualDirectory338ManeuveringaroundtheFilesystem341

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xxContentsFormattingFilesystems341CommonFilesystemTypes341CreatingFilesystems343MountingFilesystems344ManuallyMountingDevices344AutomaticallyMountingDevices345ManagingFilesystems346RetrievingFilesystemStats346FilesystemTools348StorageAlternatives349Multipath350LogicalVolumeManager350UsingRAIDTechnology354EncryptingPartitions355Summary358ExamEssentials358ReviewQuestions360Chapter12ProtectingFiles363UnderstandingBackupTypes364LookingatCompressionMethods366ComparingArchiveandRestoreUtilities368Copyingwithcpio369Archivingwithtar372Duplicatingwithdd377Replicatingwithrsync380SecuringOffsite/Off-SystemBackups382CopyingSecurelyviascp382TransferringSecurelyviasftp384CheckingBackupIntegrity387DigestinganMDSAlgorithm387SecuringHashAlgorithms388Summary389ExamEssentials389ReviewQuestions390Chapter13GoverningSoftware393‘WorkingwithSourceCode394DownloadingSourceCode394BundlingSourceCodePackages395CompilingSourceCode399PackagingApplications400InstallingandManagingPackages401UnderstandingRepositories405

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ContentsxxiUsingApplicationContainers413UsingSnapContainers414UsingFlatpakContainers416Summary418ExamEssentials419ReviewQuestions421Chapter14TendingKernelModules423ExploringKernelModules424InstallingKernelModules428RemovingKernelModules431Summary432ExamEssentials432ReviewQuestions434PartIVSecuringYourSystem437Chapter15ApplyingOwnershipandPermissions439LookingatFileandDirectoryPermissions440UnderstandingOwnership440ControllingAccessPermissions442ExploringSpecialPermissions445ManagingDefaultPermissions446AccessControlLists448Context-BasedPermissions450UsingSELinux451UsingAppArmor455UnderstandingLinuxUserTypes457TypesofUserAccounts458EscalatingPrivileges458RestrictingUsersandFiles459Summary464ExamEssentials465ReviewQuestions466Chapter16LookingatAccessandAuthenticationMethods469GettingtoKnowPAM470ExploringPAMConfigurationFiles471EnforcingStrongPasswords474LockingOutAccounts477LimitingRootAccess481ExploringPKIConcepts483GettingCertificates483DiscoveringKeyConcepts483

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xxiiContentsSecuringData484SigningTransmissions485UsingSSH486ExploringBasicSSHConcepts486ConfiguringSSH488GeneratingSSHKeys490AuthenticatingwithSSHKeys492AuthenticatingwiththeAuthenticationAgent494UsingSSHSecurely496UsingVPNasaClient498Summary499ExamEssentials499ReviewQuestions501Chapter17ImplementingLoggingServices503UnderstandingtheImportanceofLogging504ThesyslogProtocol504TheHistoryofLinuxLogging506BasicLoggingUsingrsyslog507Configuration507MakingLogEntries509FindingEventMessages509Journalingwithsystemd-journald510Configuration510ViewingLogs511Summary513ExamEssentials514ReviewQuestions515Chapter18OverseeingLinuxFirewalls517ProvidingAccessControl518LookingatFirewallTechnologies520FamiliarizingYourselfwithfirewalld521Investigatingiptables525Exploringnftables530UnderstandingUFW533ForwardingIPPackets539DynamicallySettingRules539DenyHosts539Fail2Ban540IPset540Summary542ExamEssentials542ReviewQuestions544

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ContentsiiChapter19EmbracingBestSecurityPractices547UserSecurity548AuthenticationMethods548MultifactorAuthentication550UniqueUserAccounts551EnforceStrongPasswords551RestrictingtheRootAccount553SeparationofData555DiskEncryption556RestrictingApplications556PreventingUnauthorizedRebooting557RestrictingUnapprovedJobs559BannersandMessages559RestrictingUSBDevices559LookingforTrouble560Auditing561NetworkSecurity561DenyingHosts561DisablingUnusedServices562ChangingDefaultPorts562UsingEncryptionontheNetwork563Summary564ExamEssentials565ReviewQuestions567PartVTroubleshootingYourSystem571Chapter20AnalyzingSystemPropertiesandRemediation573TroubleshootingtheNetwork574ExploringNetworkIssues574ViewingNetworkPerformance578ReviewingtheNetwork’sConfiguration584TroubleshootingStorageIssues587RunningOutofFilesystemSpace587‘WaitingonDiskI/O588MeasuringDiskPerformance591FailingDisks593TroubleshootingtheCPU594TroubleshootingMemory595Swapping596RunningOutofMemory599SurvivingaLostRootPassword600Summary601

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xxivContentsExamEssentials601ReviewQuestions603Chapter21OptimizingPerformance607LookingatProcesses608MonitoringProcessesinRealTime610ManagingProcesses614SettingPriorities614StoppingProcesses615Summary618ExamEssentials619ReviewQuestions620Chapter22InvestigatingUserIssues623TroubleshootingAccess624Local624Remote629Authentication630ExaminingFileObstacles631FilePermissions631DirectoryPermissions632WorkingwithAdvancedPermissions633FileCreation635ExploringEnvironmentandShellIssues636Summary638ExamEssentials638ReviewQuestions639Chapter23DealingwithLinuxDevices643CommunicatingwithLinuxDevices644DeviceInterfaces644The/devDirectory647The/procDirectory648The/sysDirectory650WorkingwithDevices651FindingDevices651WorkingwithPCIDevices654WorkingwithUSBDevices655SupportingMonitors656UsingPrinters658UsingHot-PluggableDevices659DetectingDynamicDevices660WorkingwithDynamicDevices660Summary662ExamEssentials662ReviewQuestions664

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ContentsovChapter24TroubleshootingApplicationandHardwareIssues667DealingwithStorageProblems668ExploringCommonIssues668DealingwithSpecializedIssues670UncoveringApplicationPermissionIssues674AnalyzingApplicationDependencies677Versioning677UpdatingIssues677Patching678DealingwithLibraries679ExploringEnvironmentVariableIssues679GainingGCCCompatibility680PerusingRepositoryProblems680LookingatSELinuxContextViolations681ExploringFirewallBlockages682UnrestrictingACLs682UnblockingPorts683UnblockingProtocols683TroubleshootingAdditionalHardwareIssues684LookingatHelpfulHardwareCommands684InvestigatingOtherHardwareProblems688Summary692ExamEssentials692ReviewQuestions694PartVIAutomatingYourSystem697Chapter25DeployingBashScripts699TheBasicsofShellScripting700RunningMultipleCommands700RedirectingOutput701PipingData702TheShellScriptFormat703RunningtheShellScript704AdvancedShellScripting705DisplayingMessages706UsingVariables706Command-LineArguments709TheExitStatus710WritingScriptPrograms711CommandSubstitution711PerformingMath712LogicStatements714

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xviContentsLoops717TextManipulation720Summary721ExamEssentials722ReviewQuestions724Chapter26AutomatingJobs727RunningScriptsinBackgroundMode728RunningintheBackground728RunningMultipleBackgroundJobs729RunningScriptswithoutaConsole730SendingSignals732InterruptingaProcess732PausingaProcess732JobControl734ViewingJobs734RestartingStoppedJobs736RunningLikeClockwork737SchedulingaJobUsingtheazCommand737SchedulingRegularScripts740Summary744ExamEssentials744ReviewQuestions746Chapter27ControllingVersionswithGit749UnderstandingVersionControl750SettingUpYourGitEnvironment752CommittingwithGit755Tags762MergingVersions763Summary766ExamEssentials766ReviewQuestions768PartVIIRealizingVirtualandCloudEnvironments771Chapter28UnderstandingCloudandVirtualizationConcepts773ConsideringCloudServices774WhatIsCloudComputing?774‘WhatAretheCloudServices?775UnderstandingVirtualization777Hypervisors778TypesofHypervisors779

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ContentsviiHypervisorTemplates781ExploringContainers781WhatAreContainers?781ContainerSoftware782ContainerTemplates783WorkingwithDocker783Summary786ExamEssentials787ReviewQuestions788Chapter29InspectingCloudandVirtualizationServices791FocusingonVMTools792Lookingatlibvirt792Viewingvirsh793ManagingwithVirtualMachineManager794UnderstandingBootstrapping796BootingwithShellScripts796KickstartingwithAnaconda797InitializingwithCloud-init801ExploringStorageIssues802ConsideringNetworkConfigurations804VirtualizingtheNetwork804ConfiguringVirtualizedNICs805Summary808ExamEssentials808ReviewQuestions810Chapter30OrchestratingtheEnvironment813UnderstandingOrchestrationConcepts814ProbingProcedures815AnalyzingAttributes816ProvisioningtheDataCenter819CodingtheInfrastructure819AutomatingtheInfrastructure820ComparingAgentandAgentless821InvestigatingtheInventory821LookingatContainerOrchestrationEngines822EmbracingKubernetes822InspectingDockerSwarm823SurveyingMesos823Summary823ExamEssentials824ReviewQuestions825

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viiiContentsAppendixAnswerstotheReviewQuestions829Chapter2:IntroductiontoServices830Chapter3:ManagingFiles,Directories,andText833Chapter4:SearchingandAnalyzingText837Chapter5:ExplainingtheBootProcess841Chapter6:MaintainingSystemStartupandServices844Chapter7:ConfiguringNetworkConnections848Chapter8:ComparingGUIs851Chapter9:AdjustingLocalizationOptions855Chapter10:AdministeringUsersandGroups858Chapter11:HandlingStorage861Chapter12:ProtectingFiles863Chapter13:GoverningSoftware864Chapter14:TendingKernelModules866Chapter15:ApplyingOwnershipandPermissions368Chapter16:LookingatAccessandAuthenticationMethods869Chapter17:ImplementingLoggingServices871Chapter18:OverseeingLinuxFirewalls872Chapter19:EmbracingBestSecurityPractices874Chapter20:AnalyzingSystemPropertiesandRemediation876Chapter21:OptimizingPerformance878Chapter22:InvestigatingUserIssues880Chapter23:DealingwithLinuxDevices881Chapter24:TroubleshootingApplicationandHardwareIssues883Chapter25:DeployingBashScripts885Chapter26:AutomatingJobs887Chapter27:ControllingVersionswithGit889Chapter28:UnderstandingCloudandVirtualizationConcepts890Chapter29:InspectingCloudandVirtualizationServices892Chapter30:OrchestratingtheEnvironment894Index897
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