CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, 2nd Edition (2021)

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«“.2)‘All-in-OneIsAllYouNeed.C ____________________________________________}eeee———LJCompTIAS(&|&(&|:Certification._________________|EXAMGUIDEEXAMSKO0-005Save10%ofanySECONDEDITIONCompTIAexammigCompletecoverageofallobjectivesforlicontentexamSK0-005MCPe=RillfrIdealasbothastudyeinetoolandanTam.on-the-jobreferenceea_BendFilledwithpracticeexamquestionsandin-depthexplanationsHE|DANIELLACHANCE|CompTIAServer+,CompTIAA+™,CompTIASecurity+™,CompTIANetwork+™,CompTIACloud+™eee.eee————

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ABOUTTHEAUTHORDanielLachance,CompTIASecurity+,CompTIAA+,CompTIANetwork+,CompTIAServer+,CompTIACloudEssentials,CompTIACloud+,aswellasvariousMicrosoftAzureandAmazonWebServicescertifications,istheownerofLachanceITConsulting,Inc.,basedinHalifax,NovaScotia,Canada.HeistheauthorofCompTIACloudEssentials+CertificationStudyGuide,SecondEdition,andco-authorofCompTIASecurity+CertificationPracticeExams.Sincetheearly1990s,hehasworkedinvariouscapacitiesasacomputerprogrammer,networkandservertechnician,andsecurityanalyst.Heisalsoanexperiencedtrainer,havingdeliveredITtrainingonline,inCanada,andintheCaribbeansincethe1990sontopicsrangingfromMicrosoftenterpriseproducts(ActiveDirectory,Hyper-V,SystemCenterConfigurationManager,andAzure)toAmazonWebServices,UNIX,Linux,security,andnetworking.HehasrecordedtechsupportvideosforproductssuchasMicrosoftAzure,AmazonWebServices,andMicrosoftSystemCenterConfigurationManagerandhasrecordedvideoscoveringvariouscybersecurityandmobilitytopics.Heenjoysspendingtimewithhisspouse,Tammy;theirchildren,Roman,Trinity,Abby,andJacob;familiesandfriends;andthefamilydogs,DoriandLouis.Healsoenjoysjogging,readingnonfiction,andlisteningtoandplayingvariousstylesofmusic.AbouttheTechnicalEditorS.RussellChristyisatechnicaltrainerinMemphis,Tennesseecoveringawidevarietyofproductsandspecializingincomputermaintenance,networkandsecurity,andMicrosoftOfficeapplications.Forover20years,hehasdeployednewdesktopsandoperatingsystems,servers,andnetworkhardwareandsoftware,whilesimultaneouslytroubleshootingvarious

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hardwareandsoftwareissues.Heholdsabachelor’sdegreeinbusinessadministrationfromtheUniversityofMemphis.HehasalsogainedindustrycertificationsinCompTIAA+,CompTIANetwork+,CompTIAServer+,CompTIASecurity+,CompTIACySA+,CiscoCCNACyberOps,MTAWindowsServerAdministrationFundamentals,NetworkFundamentals,SecurityFundamentals,WindowsOSFundamentals,Microsoft365IdentityandServices,andAdobeEducationTrainer.

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CompTIAServer+CertificatiEXAMGUIDESecondEdition(ExamSK0-005)DanielLachanceNewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoAthensLondonMadridMexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSingaporeSydneyTorontoMcGrawHillisanindependententityfromCompTIA"andisnotaffiliatedwithCompTIAinanymanner.Thispublicationandaccompanyingmediamaybeusedinassistingstylens10preparefortheCompTIAServers”exam.Neitherwi1AnorMcGrawHillwarranothatuseofplainsoacmedlkeeptienCongAsdCompSmsemasemidCompTIAMarksaretheproprictarytrademarksand/orsctvicemarksofCompTIAandiesaffiliatesusedundelicensefromCompTIA.

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Copyright©2021byMcGrawHill.Allrightsreserved.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher,withtheexceptionthattheprogramlistingsmaybeentered,stored,andexecutedinacomputersystem,buttheymaynotbereproducedforpublication.ISBN:978-1-26-046992-9MHID: 1-26-046992-1ThematerialinthiseBookalsoappearsintheprintversionofthistitle:ISBN:978-1-26-046991-2,MHID:1-26-046991-3.eBookconversionbycodeMantraVersion1.0Alltrademarksaretrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkedname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtothebenefitofthetrademarkowner,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.Wheresuchdesignationsappearinthisbook,theyhavebeenprintedwithinitialcaps.McGraw-HillEducationeBooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotionsorforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.Tocontactarepresentative,pleasevisittheContactUspageatwww.mhprofessional.com.InformationhasbeenobtainedbyMcGrawHillfromsourcesbelievedtobereliable.However,becauseofthepossibilityofhumanormechanicalerrorbyoursources,McGrawHill,orothers,McGrawHilldoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,adequacy,orcompletenessofanyinformationandisnotresponsibleforanyerrorsoromissionsortheresultsobtainedfromtheuseofsuchinformation.TERMSOFUSE

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ThisisacopyrightedworkandMcGraw-HillEducationanditslicensorsreserveallrightsinandtothework.Useofthisworkissubjecttotheseterms.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightActof1976andtherighttostoreandretrieveonecopyofthework,youmaynotdecompile,disassemble,reverseengineer,reproduce,modify,createderivativeworksbasedupon,transmit,distribute,disseminate,sell,publishorsublicensetheworkoranypartofitwithoutMcGraw-HillEducation’spriorconsent.Youmayusetheworkforyourownnoncommercialandpersonaluse;anyotheruseoftheworkisstrictlyprohibited.Yourrighttousetheworkmaybeterminatedifyoufailtocomplywiththeseterms.THEWORKISPROVIDED“ASIS.”McGRAW-HILLEDUCATIONANDITSLICENSORSMAKENOGUARANTEESORWARRANTIESASTOTHEACCURACY,ADEQUACYORCOMPLETENESSOFORRESULTSTOBEOBTAINEDFROMUSINGTHEWORK,INCLUDINGANYINFORMATIONTHATCANBEACCESSEDTHROUGHTHEWORKVIAHYPERLINKOROTHERWISE,ANDEXPRESSLYDISCLAIMANYWARRANTY,EXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.McGraw-HillEducationanditslicensorsdonotwarrantorguaranteethatthefunctionscontainedintheworkwillmeetyourrequirementsorthatitsoperationwillbeuninterruptedorerrorfree.NeitherMcGraw-HillEducationnoritslicensorsshallbeliabletoyouoranyoneelseforanyinaccuracy,errororomission,regardlessofcause,intheworkorforanydamagesresultingtherefrom.McGraw-HillEducationhasnoresponsibilityforthecontentofanyinformationaccessedthroughthework.UndernocircumstancesshallMcGraw-HillEducationand/oritslicensorsbeliableforanyindirect,incidental,special,punitive,consequentialorsimilardamagesthatresultfromtheuseoforinabilitytousethework,evenifanyofthemhasbeenadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.Thislimitationofliabilityshallapplytoanyclaimorcausewhatsoeverwhethersuchclaimorcausearisesincontract,tortorotherwise.

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CONTENTSATAGLANCEChapter1IntroductiontoCompTIAServer+EssentialsChapter2ServerHardwareChapter3ServerOperatingSystemsandServerRolesChapter4ServerStorageChapter5ServerNetworkCommunicationsChapter6ServerandNetworkSecurityChapter7TroubleshootingandPerformanceOptimizationChapter8DisasterRecoveryPlanningAppendixAAbouttheHands-onExercisesandLabSetupAppendixBObjectiveMapAppendixCAbouttheOnlineContentGlossaryIndex

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CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsIntroductionChapter1IntroductiontoCompTIAServer+EssentialsWhyThisBookIsRelevantServerHardwareBasicsServerFormFactorsServerCPUsServerMemoryBusesandSlotsVirtualizationEnvironmentalFactorsStorageNetworkConceptsCablesandConnectorsIPPortsandProtocolsServerOperatingSystemsandServerRolesServerRolesMaintenanceMonitoringSecurityConsiderationsHardeningNetworkSecurityTroubleshootingandOptimizingPerformanceOptimizingPerformanceTroubleshooting

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PreparingfortheWorstCloudComputingCloudComputingCharacteristicsCloudComputingDeploymentModelsCloudComputingServiceModelsChapterReviewQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter2ServerHardwareServerFormFactorsTowerServersRack-mountedEquipmentBladeServersServerComponentsBIOSUEFICPUsGPUsMemoryBusesNICsStorageUSBPowerVoltageWattageUninterruptiblePowerSupplyEnvironmentalControlsTemperatureAirflowHumidityFireSuppressionHands-onExercisesChapterReview

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ServerFormFactorsServerComponentsPowerEnvironmentalControlsQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter3ServerOperatingSystemsandServerRolesServerRolesInfrastructureRolesOtherServerRolesVirtualizationServersHypervisorTypesHypervisorHostConfigurationVirtualMachineGuestConfigurationServerInstallationServerLicensingInstallingaType1HypervisorInstallingaServerOperatingSystemServerAdministrationMethodsKVMOut-of-BandRemoteAdministrationIn-BandRemoteAdministrationServerDocumentationAssetLifeCycleAssetInventoryServiceLevelAgreementsOtherDocumentationMaintainingServersPatchManagementProactiveMaintenanceReactiveMaintenanceHands-onExercisesChapterReviewServerRoles

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VirtualizationServersServerInstallationServerAdministrationMethodsServerDocumentationServerMaintenanceQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter4ServerStorageStorageTechnologiesMagneticHardDisksSolid-StateDrivesHybridDrivesStorageTiersDiskInterfacesOpticalDrivesCloudStorageDirect-AttachedStorageNetwork-AttachedStorageStorageAreaNetworksStorageCapacityandFutureGrowthBase2vs.Base10WhereDidAlltheDiskSpaceGo?UsingLessDiskSpaceRAIDConfigurationRAIDLevelsStorageDeviceInstallationMBRandGPTFileSystemsSampleScenario1SampleScenario2Hands-onExercisesChapterReviewStorageDeviceCharacteristicsDiskInterfaces

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LocalandNetworkStorageStorageCapacityPlanningRAIDDiskInitializationandFileSystemsQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter5ServerNetworkCommunicationsTheOSIModelCableInstallationandManagementCablePlacementCableLabelingCableTypesNetworkHardwareNetworkInterfaceCardsNetworkSwitchesRoutersConfiguringIPv4PATStaticNATIPIPv4AddressingSubnetMaskReservedInternalIPAddressRangesWhentoUseSubnettingConfiguringIPv6IPv6AddressingIPv6SettingsIPv6TransitionTechnologiesNetworkInfrastructureServicesDefaultGatewayDNSServersWINSServersDHCPTCPandUDP

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TCPUDPHands-onExercisesChapterReviewTheOSIModelCablesandConnectorsNetworkInterfaceCardsIPv4andIPv6IP,TCP,andUDPQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter6ServerandNetworkSecurityPhysicalSecurityMeasuresPremisesAccessTheHumanElementAuthenticationUnderLockandKeyLogicalAccessControlGroupsDynamicAccessControlRolesRightsandPermissionsFileSystemPermissionsPeripheralDevicesNetworkSecurityNACVLANsFirewallsSecurityZonesPKIIPSecVPNsIntrusionDetectionandPreventionSystemsHardening

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OperatingSystemHardeningHardwareHardeningApplicationHardeningDataSecurityDataandMobileDevicesEncryptingDataatRestTapeEncryptionSecureMediaDisposalHands-onExercisesChapterReviewPhysicalSecurityAuthenticationLogicalAccessControlNetworkSecurityFirewallsPKIIPSecVPNsIntrusionDetectionandPreventionHardeningDataSecuritySecureMediaDisposalQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter7TroubleshootingandPerformanceOptimizationTroubleshootingMethodologyIdentifytheProblemEstablishaTheoryofProbableCauseTesttheTheoryEstablishaPlanofActionImplementaSolutionorEscalateVerifyFunctionalityPerformRootCauseAnalysisDocumenttheSolution

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HardwareProblemsandSolutionsSoftwareProblemsandSolutionsStorageProblemsandSolutionsWindowsToolsLinuxToolsNetworkProblemsandSolutionsNameResolutionIssuesSecurityProblemsandSolutionsMalwareTroubleshootingTooFewPermissionsTooManyPermissionsTooMuchRunningConfidentialityandIntegrityPerformanceOptimizationHardwareOptimizationSoftwareOptimizationNetworkOptimizationHands-onExercisesChapterReviewTroubleshootingMethodologyHardwareProblemsandSolutionsSoftwareProblemsandSolutionsStorageProblemsandSolutionsNetworkProblemsandSolutionsSecurityProblemsandSolutionsPerformanceOptimizationQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersChapter8DisasterRecoveryPlanningDisasterRecoveryAlternateSitesDataReplicationBusinessImpactAnalysisBusinessContinuity

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DisasterRecoveryPlanBusinessContinuityPlanDataBackupBackupTypesBackupMediaOn-premisesBackupCloudBackupBackupandRestoreBestPracticesHands-onExercisesChapterReviewDisasterRecoverySitesDataReplicationBusinessImpactDisasterRecoveryPlanBusinessContinuityPlanDataBackupsQuestionsQuestionsandAnswersAppendixAAbouttheHands-onExercisesandLabSetupLabExerciseOverviewMicrosoftWindowsLinuxRequirementsforHands-onExercisesHardwareRequirementsVMwareWorkstation16ProAcquiringWindowsandLinuxInstallationMediaLabExerciseMiscellanyAppendixBObjectiveMapExamSKO0-005CompTIAServer+CertificationExamSK0-005AppendixCAbouttheOnlineContentSystemRequirementsYourTotalSeminarsTrainingHubAccount

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PrivacyNoticeSingleUserLicenseTermsandConditionsTotalTesterOnlinePerformance-BasedQuestionsTechnicalSupportGlossaryIndex

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWitheachbookproject,Iamremindedoftheimmensecollectiveskillfromthepooloftalentedfolksrequiredtomakeitallhappen.IwouldliketothankMcGrawHillforprovidingtheopportunitytocreatethisbook.EmilyWalters,LisaMcClain,andRachelFogelbergweretheguidinglightsastowhatIshouldbedoingandwhenIshouldbedoingit.IwouldalsoliketothanktherestofthewonderfulteamatMcGrawHillformakingthisprojectagreatexperience,resultinginasolidandfunbook.Thisbookischock-fulloftechnicalgoodies,butcreditmustbegiventoS.RussellChristyforkeepingthetechnicalcontentconsistent,accurate,andrelevant—thanks,Russ!IwouldliketosayaspecialthankyoutomyfamilyforenduringthemanyhoursIspentpreparingforandcreatingthisbook,aswellastheendlesstechno-ramblingItendtofallpreyto—loveyouguys!

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INTRODUCTIONTheCompTIAServer+certificationexamisbecomingincreasinglypopularandshowingupinITjoblistingsasadesiredcertification,notonlyforthemanagementofphysicalserversbutalsothemanagementofvirtualserversrunningonpremisesandinthecloud.TopicsformerlyincludedinthediscontinuedCompTIAStorage+certificationarenowincludedinCompTIAServer+.Thischangemakessensebecauseofthecloserelationshipservershavewithstorage,especiallynetworkstorage.CompTIAServer+certificationcandidatesmustdemonstrateasolidunderstandingoftopicsrangingfromserverhardwaretoserveroperatingsystems,networkingandsecurity,storage,virtualization,andcloud-basedsolutions.Today’sserveradministratorsareresponsibleforremoteadministrationofpotentiallyhundredsofphysicalandvirtualservers,whetherinasmallserverroomorinalargedatacenter.TheprimaryskillrequiredbyCompTIAServer+techniciansiseffectivetroubleshooting.Yes,it’simportanttounderstandconceptsandthesequenceofstepsrequiredtoyieldadesiredresult,butthetimelyandefficientresolutionofserver-relatedissuesiswhatdistinguishesacasualservertechnicianfromanoutstandingservertechnician.Thisbookincludesentirechaptersdedicatedtotroubleshootinganddisasterrecovery.ExamDetailsYoucanbookyourEnglish-languageCompTIAServer+SK0-005examonlineatwww.pearsonvue.com/comptia/,orbyphonewithyourlocalPearsonVuetestingcenterasofMay18,2021.Additionallanguageswillbeaddedatalaterdate.Consultthewebsitetofindthetestingcenternearestyou,includingdirectionstothecenter,oryoucanopttohavethetestproctoredforyouinthecomfortofyourofficeorhome.

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Youcanuseanexamvoucherifyouhaveone;eitherway,thecostisUSD338.Paymentmethodsincludevariousdebitandcreditcards.PreparingfortheExamPeoplelearnindifferentways.Readingcomprehensionisimportant,especiallywhenitcomestoend-of-chapterandmasterexamquestionsincludedwiththisbook.Somefolkslearnbestbydoing;that’swhyyou’llfindhands-onexercisesusingbothWindowsandLinuxattheendofeachchapter.It’sbeenproventhatdoingsomethingrelatedtoadiscussedtopichelpsourbrainstounderstandhowthetopicisrelevantandthusaidsinretention.Thefollowinglistprovidessomegeneraltest-takingtips:«Haveapositiveattitude.«Learnthematerialinearnest;itisinterestinganditcanhelpyourcareer.«Getafullnight’ssleepforafewdayspriortotakingtheexam.«Eatproperlybeforetakingtheexam.«Don’tcramrightbeforetheexam.«Arriveatthetestingcenter15minutesearly.+Readallthequestionsandalltheanswerchoicesthoroughly.«Withcomplexquestions,askyourself,“Whatisthequestionreallyasking?”TakingtheExamatYourLocationWhenyouscheduletheexamonline,youcanchoosetotaketheexamfromanywhereyouhaveanInternetconnectionandacomputerwithamicrophoneandwebcamera.Youwillreceiveinstructionsregardinghowtoprepareyourexamroom,andyouwillbepromptedtouploadaphotoIDaswellaspicturesoftheexamroom.Youwillalsoreceiveinstructionsforensuringthatyourcomputermeetstherequirementsforremoteexam-taking.Whentheexambegins,theexamproctorwillmostlikelyaskyoutoshowhimorheryourexamroomthroughyourcomputer’swebcamera.Youwillnotbeallowedtohaveawatchon,phoneswithinreach,orrefreshmentsonyour

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desk,norwillyoubegrantedrestroombreaks.Importantly,beinginterruptedbyotherscouldforfeityourexam,somakesurethatyouarecompletelyisolatedduringtheexam.TakingtheExamattheTestingCenterAfterbookingyourexam,ifyouwillbetakingtheexamatatestingcenter,takethetimetoensurethatyouknowhowtogettothecenterontime,includingthescheduleofanypublictransportationyoumighttake,andfindoutwhereyoucanparkifyouplanondriving.YouwillneedtwopiecesofIDatthetestingcenter,includingaphotoID.Thetestingcenterwillalsotakeapictureofyouforyourexamscorereport.Youarenotallowedtohaveasmartphone,books,ornotesinthetestingroom.MakingtheGradeTherequiredpassingscorefortheCompTIASK0-005examis750(therangeis100to900),andtheexamconsistsof90multiple-choiceandperformance-basedquestionsthatyoumustanswerwithin90minutes.Performance-basedquestions,orPBQs,testmorethanjustyourknowledgeofCompTIAServer+topics;theytestthatyoucanapplyyourServer+knowledgetoscenariostosolveproblems.Ashasalwaysbeenthecase,theremightbequestionsincludedontheexamthatdonotcounttowardyourscore.CompTIAdoesthisoccasionallytotestoutnewcontentorquestionformats,butyouwon’tknowwhichquestion(s)thisappliesto.Table1liststheexamdomainsandtheirweightagainsttheoverallexam.Noticetheemphasisonserveradministrationandtroubleshooting.ForadetailedbreakdownofCompTIAServer+SK0-005examobjectives,visitwww.certification.comptia.org/certifications/server.

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ExamDomainPercentageoftheExam1.0ServerHardwareInstallationandManagement18%2.0ServerAdministration30%3.0SecurityandDisasterRecovery24%4.0Troubleshooting28%Total100%Table1CompTIAServer+SK0-005ExamDomainsIfyouaretakingtheexamatatestingcenter,youcanuseaprovidedmarkerandlaminatedpapertowritenotesandcalculatevalues,suchasvalidsubnetranges.EachquestionhasaPrev(previous)andNextbuttonyoucanclicktoallownavigationthroughouttheentireexam.Youcanalsoflagcertainquestionsforreview;anitemreviewscreenwillappearafterthelastquestion,whereyoucanreviewsomeorallofyouranswersbeforeendingtheexam.Theexamcontainsmultiple-choicequestionsthataskyoutochooseoneormorecorrectanswers,andyoucanexpectscenarioperformance-basedquestionstosolvesomekindofserver-basedproblem.Whenstudyingforthisexam,alwayskeepthefollowinginmind:«WhatisthemostefficientwayofcompletinganITconfigurationtask?«Whatsequenceofstepsmustbefollowedtoachieveagoal?«Whatisthefirststepintroubleshootingaspecificissue?«WhatcanbedonetoimprovetheperformanceorsecurityofanITsystem?Youwillknowrightawaywhetheryou’vepassedtheexam.Ifyoufailonyourfirstattempttopasstheexam,CompTIAdoesnotrequireawaitingperiodbeforemakingyoursecondattemptattheexam,butyouwillhavetowait14calendardaysifyouwanttomakeathirdattempt.Usingthisbookproperlyshouldnotrequireasecondexamattempt.

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UsingtheBookWelcometoCompTIAServer+CertificationAll-in-OneExamGuide,SecondEdition(ExamSK0-005)!Byreadingandunderstandingeachchapter(includingthequestions),completingtheincludedlabexercises,andtakingthecompaniononlinepracticeexams,youwillgreatlyincreaseyourlikelihoodofpassingtheCompTIAServer+exam.RefertoAppendixAforinformationaboutsettingupthehands-onlabexercises.ThisbookmapstotheofficialCompTIASK0-005examobjectivestohelpyoupreparefortheexam,butitalsogoesbeyondtheobjectivestoprovideinsightthatwillprovevaluablewhenyouareworkinginserver-relatedenvironments.UsingtheObjectivesMapTheobjectivesmapincludedinAppendixBhasbeenconstructedtohelpyoucross-referencetheofficialexamobjectivesfromCompTIAwiththerelevantcoverageinthebook.TheobjectivesmaplistseachexamobjectiveexactlyasCompTIApresentsitandprovidesthecorrespondingchapterandsectioninwhichthatobjectiveiscovered.OnlinePracticeExamsThisbookincludesaccesstopracticeexamsthatfeaturetheTotalTesterOnlineexamsoftwaretestengine,whichallowsyoutogenerateacompletepracticeexamortogeneratequizzesbychaptermoduleorbyexamdomain.Thisbookalsoincludesaccesstotenperformance-basedquestions.Formoreinformationabouttheaccompanyingsoftwareandinstructionsonhowtoaccesstheexamtool,seeAppendixC.

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IntroductiontoCompTIAServer+EssentialsInthischapter,youwill«Learnaboutserverhardwarecomponents«Learnhowstoragesystemscanbeconfiguredandprovisioned«Reviewbasicnetworkconcepts«Reviewthebasicsofmonitoringandmaintainingserveroperatingsystems«Reviewbasicsecurityconcepts+Learnabouttroubleshootingandoptimizingperformance+Learnaboutdisasterrecovery«ExplorecloudcomputingconceptsThischapterprovidesanoverviewoftopics(allofthedetailsfollowinChapters2-8)thatyou'resuretoseeontheCompTIAServer+CertificationExam(SK0-005).We’llalsocoverthesetopicsinsuchawaythatyou’llbewellarmedworkingintheITfield,whetheryou’rediscussingnetworkstorageforcloud-basedvirtualizedservers,determiningspecificserverhardwarethatmustbeordered,orworkinginadatacenter.Datacentersareneat—thesebigfacilitieshostawidearrayofITservicesthatareconsumedbyclientslocatedhundreds,eventhousands,ofmilesaway.Thisisimportantwithcloudcomputing.Theequipmentthatcloudservicesrunonishousedindatacenters.Youcanbetthat,amongothercertifications,aCompTIAServer+certificationisoftenpreferredfordatacenterjobs.

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WhyThisBookIsRelevantBecauseyou'rereadingthisbook,youprobablyalreadyseethevalueinlearningabouttheCompTIAServer+CertificationExam.CompTIAisrespectedgloballyintheITindustryforitscertificationsforA+,Network+,Server+,Linux+,andmanyothers.IfyoucheckoutITjoblistingsonyourfavoritejob-huntingsiteoraskpeopleworkingatITacademicinstitutions,you’lllearnthatmanyjobsrequireCompTIAcertificationsinoneformoranother.Beingaserverexpertismuchdifferenttodayfromwhatitwasinthe1990s,andthat’sgoingbackonly25yearsorso!Ifyou’vebeenworkinginITforawhile,youmightagreethattherewasatimewhen*Wecouldknoweverythingaboutaserveroperatingsystem.«Arguably,overallserversupportwassimplerbecausethesoftwarewasn’tdoingasmanythings.«Arguably,overallserversupportwasharderbecausewedidn’thavegreatInternetsearchenginesandvideotutorials.«Applyingpatchesdidn’toccupynearlyasmuchofourtime.«Malwareinfectionsweren’tnearlyasubiquitous.«Storagewascontainedphysicallyinsidetheservercase.«IPv4wasgroundbreaking.TheCompTIAcertificationexamhelpsensurethatcandidatesreallyknowwhatthey’retalkingabout,includingmuchmorethanjustknowledgeofserversthemselves.Youneedtobefamiliarwithservertypesandcomponents,virtualization,IPv4andIPv6networking,cloudcomputing,operatingsystems,networkstorage,security,andtroubleshooting.Ifallthisinterestsyou(andyouneedthiscertificationtogetajob!),thenyouareintherightplace.WhatkindsofjobsrelatetotheCompTIAServer+certification?Countless,butlet’slistafewgeneralcategories:«+DatacenterITtechnicianServeradministrator«Networktechnician

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«HelpdesktechnicianRememberthatanunderstandingofthebodyofknowledgepresentedinthisbookiscrucialforITserverandnetworktechniciansworkingforcompaniesinanyindustry.ServerHardwareBasicsEverybodyusesserversinonewayoranother,eveniftheydon’trealizeit—includingteenagerspostingcontenttosocialmediafromtheirsmartphones,shoppersmakingonlinepurchases,companiesbackingdatauptothecloud,andWallStreetexecutivesmakingdecisionsbasedonserver-supplieddata.Althoughtheroleofaserver(thecentralizedservingofcontentandservicestoconcurrentusersoveranetwork)hasn’tchangedmuchoverthedecades,thescaleofclientsdemandingquickandreliableaccess,theamountofdataprocessed,aswellashowserversareimplemented,havechanged.It’snotenoughtoknowaboutserversthemselves;weneedtobeawareoftheentireecosystem.Serversoffersomekindofaservicetoclientsoverthenetwork,suchasawebserverofferingawebsitetoaclient’swebbrowser.Theserver’sroleandnumberofclientsitservesdictatehowmuchhorsepowerisneeded.Theinterestingpartisthatthisistruewhetheryou’reworkingwithphysicalorvirtualservers,on-premisesorinthecloud.TheCompTIAServer+CertificationExamwilltestyourknowledgeonthebesthardwareconfigurationsgivenspecificserverscenarios.Evenvirtualmachineservers,otherwisecalledinstances,deployedinthecloudcanbeconfiguredusingdifferentinstancetypes,orsizes,whichconsistoffactorslikethenumberofvirtualCPUcores(vCPUs),theamountofRAM,thenumberofattacheddisks,andsoon.Thegreatthingaboutvirtualmachinesisthatyoucanscaledown,orreducetheamountofhorsepowerwhenappropriate,andinthecloudthissavesyoumoney.ServerFormFactorsPhysicalserverscomeindifferentsizesandshapes,asyou’llseeinChapter2.Forinstance,towerserverstakeupmorespacethantheirslimmercousins,bladeandrack-mountservers.Bladeserverstakeuptheleastamountof

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space.Arrangingphysicalserversrequiresknowledgeofserverrackswithslidingrailsforequipment,including,butnotlimitedto,servers.Thisisamuchbetteruseofspacethantowerserversarrangedonthefloor.Bladeenclosuresmakeevenbetteruseofspace.Abladeenclosureismountedintoarack,andbladeserversslideintotheenclosurefortheutmostinspacesavings(whattechiesliketocall“increasingdatacenterserverdensity”).ServerCPUsAlthoughasingleCPUchipmaysufficeforadesktop,serversoftenhavemultiplephysicalCPUchipspluggedintoCPUsocketsontheservermotherboard.EachCPUchipconsistsofoneormorecores.ACPUcorehasthesamefunctionalityasaphysicalCPU,andmultiplecorescanbeembeddedonasingleCPUchip.CPUsusehigh-speedL1,L2,andL3cachememoryfordataandinstructionstospeedupprocessing.A4gigahertz(GHz)CPUslowsdownwhendataneedstogetonabustogettoadifferentcomponentintheserver—forexample,downto600megahertz(MHz).WheredesktopsandserverscommonlyusethemorepowerfulComplexInstructionSetComputing(CISC)processors,mobileandconsumerelectronicdevicesneedlesspower,whichmeanslessheatandcoolingarerequired,sotheytendtouseReducedInstructionSetComputing(RISC)processors.RISCchipsaredesignedtousesimpleinstructionsets,whereasingleinstructioncanbeexecutedwithinasingleclockcycle.BearinmindthatCPUscanhavespeedsofmillions(megahertz)orbillions(gigahertz)ofclockcyclespersecond.AclockcycleisanopportunityforCPUinstructionstobeexecuted.ServerMemoryScalingadatabaseservertosupportlargerdatasetsmeansaddingmemory(RAM).VirtualserverscanbeconfiguredtousemoreRAMasneeded,andinthecloudthisiscalledresizing,whichmayrequirethevirtualmachinetoberestarted.TheextraRAMbecomesavailablefromothervirtualmachinesrunningonthesameunderlyingphysicalhostthathaveRAMtospareatthetime.

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