Criminal Justice Policy 1st Edition Test Bank

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor ResourceChapter 1: Test Bank QuestionsTrue/False Questions1. Policies are always implemented according to the original intent of the authors.a. True*b. False2. Policy implementation is very contentious, and can undergo various challenges.*a. Trueb.False3. An outcome evaluation involves looking at the progression of the policy developmentexperience to see if the methods need improvement, and if implementation issues shouldbe addressed.@ Page 2; A process evaluation is conducted to assess the methods, and address anyother implementation issuesa. True*b. False4. According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR), crime has increased in theUnited States over the last two decades.@ Page 2; According to the UCR, as of 2011, the violent crime rate had decreased 49%since 1992.a. True*b. False5. The largest crime bill ever passed by Congress was the Violent Crime Control and LawEnforcement Act of 1994.*a. Trueb. False6. Incarceration trends indicate that minorities and whites are equally represented in thejail and prison system@ Page 5; False. African American and Hispanic males and females are incarcerated athigher rates then white males and femalesa. True*b. False7. Victims of crime influence criminal justice policies.*a. Trueb. False8. The plea bargain is an essential tool under the crime control model.*a. Trueb. False

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource9. For men, the fear of crime is often related to feelings of vulnerability.a. True*b. False10. Female victims are usually targeted and maltreated by complete strangers.a. True*b. FalseMultiple Choice Questions11. What is the order of the policy development process?a. Policy demands, policy identification, agenda formation, policy adoption, policyimplementation, and policy evaluation*b. Problem identification, policy demands, agenda formation, policy adoption, policyimplementation, and policy evaluationc. Problem identification, agenda formation, policy demands, policy adoption, policyimplementation, and policy evaluationd. Agenda formation, policy demands, problem identification, policy adoption, policyimplementation, and policy evaluation12. What stage of the policy development process is considered to be the mostpoliticized?a. Policy Implementationb. Policy Adoptionc. Policy Evaluation*d. Agenda formation13. What type of evaluation is responsible for looking at the changes that occurred as aresult of the implementation of the policy?a. Policy Evaluation*b. Outcome Evaluationc. Process Evaluationd. Needs Assessment Evaluation14. What is the most important stage in the policy development process?@ Page 2; Evaluation is important because it identifies whether the policy produced achange, if it did not produce a change; an evaluation can help identify why the change didnot occura. Implementationb. Adoptionc. Agenda Formation*d. Evaluation15. The incarcerated population is composed of a majority of what type of offenders?*a. Drug offenders

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resourceb. Sex offendersc. Violent offendersd. White-collar offenders16. Who can sponsor a bill?@ Page 5; Members of Congress are the only ones that can introduce a bill, though theidea of the bill could have originated within the constituency or interest groups.*a. Members of Congressb. The Presidentc. The mediad. Interest Groups17. What DirectDemocracy tool bypasses the traditional structures of lawmaking?a. Recallb. Referendum*c. Initiatived. All of the above18. What act highlighted the fiscal concerns of maintaining the death penalty?@ Page 6; This California Initiative failed, having secured only 48% of votes*a. The Savings, Accountability, and Full Enforcement Actb. The Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009c. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984d. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 199419. Liberals focus on:*a. constitutional rights.b. rational choice process.c. retributive values.d. traditional values.20. Conservatives focus on:a. the importance of due process.b. individual freedoms.c. constitutional rights.*d. traditional values.21. Candidates that are seeking public support for their campaigns usually take whatstance in regards to criminal justice polices?a. “Soft on Crime”*b. “Tough on Crime”c. A combination of bothd. None of the above22. The crime control model aligns with whichphilosophical perspective?a. Liberal

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource*b. Conservativec. Moderated. Radical23. According to Herbert Packer, under the crime control and due process model, justiceresembles what?*a. An assembly line & an obstacle courseb. An obstacle course & an assembly linec. An Olympic race & an assembly lined. None of the above24. The due process model coincides with which philosophical view?*a. Liberalb. Radicalc. Moderated. Conservative25. The media portrays which type of crime the most often?a. Property crimeb. White-collar crime*c. Violent crimed. Drug crimesMultiple Response Questions26. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Governments and organizations, such as interestgroups, utilize policies to:*a. Facilitate and regulate action.*b. Guide thedecision making-process.*c. Provide direction as the policy is implemented.d. None of the above27. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. In order to implement a policy, issues have to beidentified. According to the authors, who can identify policy issues?*a. The citizens*b. The media*c. Politicians*d. Advocacy groups28. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. Who signs bills into law?*a. The President of the United States*b. Governorsc. Congressmend. A Supreme Court Justice

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource29. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. Which Criminal Justice policies were enacted via theinitiative, and later amended via another initiative?@ Page 6; The Three Strikes Law was enacted as Proposition 184 in 1994, but lateramended via Proposition 36 in 2012a. Proposition 83, Jessica’s Law*b. Proposition 184, Three Strikes Lawc. Proposition 35, Sentencing for Human Traffickersd. Proposition 9, Marsy’s Law30. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) wasreauthorized in what years?a. 1998*b. 2000c. 2003*d. 200531. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. In 2013, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)was extended to include what groups of people?*a. LGBT victims*b. Native American victims*c. Immigrant victimsd. Male victims32. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. The fear of crime stems from the victimization ofwhom?a. Personal victimization*b. Victimization of peers and family*c. The general communityd. None of the aboveShort Answer Questions33. Implementation is all about spending. Name some of the ways in which the funds canbe allocated for criminal justice policy.*a. Hiring more police officers, increasing police presence in various regions, andallocating funds to supervise offenders in the community. However, this answer can alsoinclude funds for rehabilitation programs.34. What are some of the factors that affect the implementation of a policy?*a. The language of the policy; if it is too vague, it will affect implementation, andfunding; if funds are low, the chances of policy implementation decrease.35. Why are minorities disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system?*a. Criminal justice policies have further increased these trends because of the use ofmandatory minimum sentencing for drugs.

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource36. How does the initiative allow citizens to bypass the legislature when making laws?*a. If citizens are able to acquire the required signatures, then their proposition getsplaced on the ballot, and is voted on by the people at the next election. This processallows individuals to circumvent the system by not relying on congressmen to introduce,and vote on the legislation.37. What does the rational choice process imply?*a.This process implies that the actions of criminals are determined by their cognitivedecisions to participate in criminal activity.38. What did the United States Supreme Court rule in the 2012 Arizona v. United Statescourt case?*a. The investigation of immigration status in cases of lawful stops, detention and arrestis permissible.

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor ResourceChapter 2: Test Bank QuestionsTrue/False Questions1. The National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ), laterrenamed the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), is the research center of the LawEnforcement Assistance Agency(LEAA).*a. Trueb. False2. Prior to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), national agencies conducting criminaljustice research did not exist.*a. Trueb. False3. Federal grant funds devoted to criminal justice research have decreased since theUniversity of Maryland Report was released in 1997.a. True*b. False4. Crime is disproportionately committed by young people, specifically adolescents andyoung adults.*a. Trueb. False5. Females commit more crime and delinquency than males.@ Page 20; Approximately 70% of crimes committed by juveniles are male, and 30% arefemalea. True*b. False6. Adolescent-limited offenders tend to have the most risk factors.@ Page 20; Life-course persistent offenders have the most risk factors.a. True*b. False7. Life-course-persistent offenders tend to have multiple biological risk factors.*a. Trueb. False8. Crime is not concentrated in families.@ Page 21; a small percentage of families account for a large proportion of offendersa. True*b. False

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource9. According to researchers, there is a relationship between having a large number ofsiblings and delinquency.*a. Trueb. False10. The main social risk factor for juveniles is having delinquent friends.*a. Trueb. False11. Neighborhoods with low levels of collective efficacy have low crime rates.@ Page 23; Communities with high levels of collective efficacy have low crimes rates.a. True*b. False12. Universal programs are not cost effective, and difficult to administer.@ Page 25; these programs are cost effective, and easy to administer.a. True*b. False13. Risk profiles incorporate both risk and protective factors.*a. Trueb. FalseMultiple Choice Questions14. Who does the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) award federalgrants and contractsto?a. Universitiesb. Public agenciesc. Private Institutions*d. All of the above15. What criminal justice research agency was the first agency established by the CrimeControl Act of 1973?a. The Office of Justice Programs (OJP)*b. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ)c. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)d. The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW)16. What is the name the review that evaluated over 500 crime prevention programs?a. University of Colorado, Boulder Reportb. The University of Michigan Reportc. The Harvard Report*d. The University of Maryland Report

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource17. What are some of the institutional settings that were examined in the University ofMaryland Report?a. Schoolsb. Police agenciesc. Families*d. All of the above18. How many institutional settings were measured in the University of Maryland report?a. 10b. 3*c. 7d. 1519. Which one of the following program classifications was not used when evaluating theprograms in the University of Maryland report?a. What Doesn’t Workb. What Works*c. What’s Nextd. What’s Promising20. Career criminals are:*a. A small percentage of individuals that commit a large proportion of crimes.b. A large percentage of individuals that commit a small proportion of crimes.c. A small percentage of individuals that commit a small proportion of crimes.d. A large percentage of individuals that commit a large proportion of crimes.21. Individuals who commit a little crime over a short period are classified as:a. Career criminals*b. Adolescent-limited offendersc. Life-course-persistent offendersd. Adolescent-moderate offenders22. What types of crimes are more likely to be committed by females?a. Violent crimesb. Hate crimes*c. Larceny/Theft crimesd. White collar crimes23. What are some of the risk factors identified by the authors?a. Family risk factorsb. Biological and psychological risk factorsc. Social risk factorsd. Environmental risk factors*e.All of the above24. Which of the following is not a biological individual risk factor?

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resourcea. Low intelligenceb. Lack of empathyc. Irritability*d. Amiability25. Which one of the following is considered to be a poor child rearing method?a. Parents who have warm and caring relationships with their childrenb. Parents are involved in their children’s livesc. Parents use fair methods of discipline*d. Parents who do not supervise their children26. According to researchers, which parenting style is considered the best?a. Authoritarianb. Permissive*c. Authoritatived. Hands-off27. Which of the following is not a characteristic that could be thought of as a protectivefactor?a. Schools that have rules and enforce themb. Schools that offerpraise and achievement*c. Schools that do not have adequate resourcesd. Schools that have high expectations for students28. Which prevention/intervention program is considered to be the most expensive toadminister?a. Selective*b. Indicatedc. Universald. General29. Which of the following is not a dimension of fidelity?a. Target populationb. Provider trainingc. Setting*d. Evaluation30. Which of the following programs increased the unwanted behavior?*a. Scared Straightb. Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Americac. Social Skills Trainingd. Familias UnidasMultiple Response Questions

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource31. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act(OCCSSA) of 1968 established what agencies?*a. The Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA)b. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)*c. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)d. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)32. Individuals who offend at a higher rate,and for a long period of time are classified as:a. Adolescent-moderate offenders.*b. Life-course persistent offenders.c. Adolescent-limited offenders.d. Life-course temporary offenders.33. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are identified as major riskfactors for delinquency?a. Small family size*b. Antisocial parentsc. Low conflict homes*d. Poor child rearing methods34. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY. What are the levels of prevention and intervention asstated by the authors?*a. Indicated*b. Universalc. General*d. SelectiveShort Answer Questions35. Explain the purpose, and the importance of the 1997 University of Maryland Report.*a. In 1996, Congress mandated the evaluation of federally funded crime preventionprograms. Due to the mandate, the University of Maryland, commissioned by theNational Institute of Justice (NIJ), set out to do a summative study. Their study/reportwas an independent review of the 500+ studies of crime prevention programs. Thoughthis report was the first of its kind, the findings claimed that the program evaluations thatwere examined were not particularly strong, and they were lacking generalizability.Overall, the report further highlighted the importance of criminal justice research, and theneed for more rigorous scientific methods.36. According to the authors, what is concentrated advantage?*a. Concentrated advantage is used to describe ethnic minority communities that havehigh rates of poverty, unemployment, and family disruption. Neighborhoods such asthese also have high crime rates, and a prevalent presence of residents that have alreadybeen through the criminal justice system (e.g. parolees).37. Who do universal prevention programs target?

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource*a. These programs target entire populations without identifying the individuals that areat a higher risk.38. Explain what program fidelity is, and its importance.*a. Fidelity means implementing the program the way the researchers had originallyindented. If there is no fidelity, then there is a possibly that the program might not work.39. Identify the main problem that criminal justice prevention and intervention programsare facing today, and name one good thing that has come out of the economic recessionof 2008.*a. The main problem is funding. However, the recession has allowed practitioners toseek more cost-effective, evidence-based practices to replace the existing programs.Generally speaking, the existing programs were costly, and as studies have shownineffective.

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor ResourceChapter 3: Test Bank QuestionsTrue/False Questions1. Without someone to implement it, policy is nothing more than words on a page.*a. Trueb. False2. Specialization requires specific education, training, and experience requirements.*a. Trueb. False3. The characteristics of police culture (e.g. loyalty) can lead to cases of misconduct, andcitizen abuse.*a. Trueb. False4. Inadequate resources can hinder the ability of bureaucrats to effectively and efficientlyimplement policies.*a. Trueb. False5. Public accountability is an important characteristic of policy implementation at thestreet-level.*a. Trueb. False6. A representative democracy allows the citizens the ability to elect representatives andbureaucrats.@ Page 41; False; street-level bureaucrats are hired by the statea. True*b. False7. Bureaucratic discretion involves using one’s own judgments, opinions, or reasoning tomake decisions.*a. Trueb. False8. Bureaucratic discretion is a complex, and contentious phenomenon.*a. Trueb. False9. Discretion allows bureaucrats the freedom to take action to carry out their duties andobligations.*a. Trueb. False

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resource10. Individuals who engage in sabotage undermine criminal justice policy objectives.*a. Trueb. FalseMultiple Choice Questions11. According to the author, the “law-on-the-books” versus “law-in-action” phenomenonhighlights the issues of what stage of the policy development process?a. Policy Adoptionb. Policy Evaluation*c. Policy Implementationd. Policy Demands12. What sociologist is responsible for the study of modern organizations?a. Emile Durkheimb. Karl Marx*c. Max Weberd. Michel Foucault13. Max Weber’s work on the bureaucracy took place in what era?*a. The Industrial Revolutionb. The Age of Explorationc. Great Depressiond. Reconstruction Era14.Which of the following is not an important component of modern organizationalstructures?a. Specializationb. Division of Laborc. Hierarchy*d. Informal Rules15. According to the author, what characteristics are important for the maintenance ofprofessionalism and discipline?a. Specializationb. Formal rulesc. Hierarchyd. Division of labor*e. All of the above16. Organizations that are characterized by rigid hierarchies and an authoritariancommand structure are referred to as:a. Quasi-judicial organizations.b. Quasi-official organizations.*c. Quasi-military organizations.

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Mallicoat, Criminal Justice PolicyInstructor Resourced. Quasi-governmental organizations.17. Who is responsible for the phrase: “street-level bureaucrat?”@ Page 39; Michael Lipsky coined the phrase in 1980a. Max Weberb.Emile Durkheim*c. Michael Lipskyd. Karl Marx18. Which of the following is not a factor that shapes the way street-level bureaucratsimplement policy?*a. Adequate resourcesb. Demands for servicesc. Vague work goalsd. Clients who do not want to be involved19. Grimshaw and Jefferson’s (1987) “occupational common sense” is also referred to as:a. Street-level idealism*b. Street-level realismc. Street-level pragmatismd. None of the above20. According to the author, discretion is based on which of the following?a. Experienceb. Moral judgmentsc. Training*d. All of the above21. What narrative posits that bureaucrats make judgments about a citizens identities, andmotives?*a. Citizen-agent narrativeb. State-agent narrativec. State-citizen narratived. None of the above22. Which of the following treatments and/or responses is given to individuals who aredeemed unworthy?a. The “good treatment”*b. The “by-the-book” responsec. The “extraordinary treatment”d. The “practicaltreatment”23. Which of the following treatments is used when street-level bureaucrats must gain thecompliance and/or cooperation of citizens?a. The “by-the-book” responseb. The “extraordinary treatment”

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