Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Third Edition Test Bank

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Bachman, Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice 3rd Edition
1. Kara interviews five drug users and discovers that four regularly carry weapons. Based on
this information, she argues that drug users are more likely to carry weapons than others.
This is an example of:
a. Careful observation
b. Systematic reasoning
*c. Overgeneralization
d. Selective reasoning
e. Inadequate generalization
2. A school board member feels that delinquent youths lack access to services that might
help them, so he conducts a study to identify what is available and what areas need more
attention. This study is mostly driven by:
*a. Policy motivations
b. Personal motivations
c. Academic motivations
d. Both A and B
e. Both B and C
3. Examining the effect of a drug court program on offenders' drug use is an example of:

a. Descriptive research
b. Exploratory research
c. Academic research
d. Explanatory research
*e. Evaluation research
4. A researcher wants to observe the social structure of a youth gang. When collecting data,
she is most likely to use what type of method?
a. Quantitative
*b. Qualitative
c. Experimental
d. Explanatory
e. Evaluation
5. A criminal justice student and volunteer for Big Brothers/Big Sisters is about to conduct a
study of at-risk youth. She is most likely working from:
a. Policy motivations
b. Personal motivations
c. Academic motivations
d. Both A and B
*e. Both B and C
6. Evaluation research usually emerges from:

*a. Policy motivations
b. Personal motivations
c. Academic motivations
d. Both A and B
e. Both B and C
7. Which of the following is not true?
a. Quantitative data is usually numerical
b. Qualitative data usually focuses on words instead of numbers
*c. Quantitative and qualitative methods are mutually exclusive
d. Quantitative methods are often used for explanation, description, or evaluation
e. Qualitative methods are often used to develop a better understanding of a situation
8. What type of research is concerned with the meaning participants attribute to their
actions?
a. Descriptive
*b. Exploratory
c. Explanatory
d. Evaluation
e. Policy
9. Examining media to determine attitudes towards school safety policies is an example of:

a. Participant observation
b. Intensive interviewing
*c. Content analysis
d. Crime mapping
e. Selective observation
10. Exploratory research is generally concerned with:
*a. Uncovering detailed information about a given phenomenon
b. Documenting the existence of causal relationships
c. Exploring the effect of social programs
d. Questions derived from personal motivations
e. Questions derived from academic motivations
11. Studying the relationship between teenage abuse of animals and later perpetration of
domestic violence is an example of:
a. Descriptive research
*b. Explanatory research
c. Exploratory research
d. Evaluation research
e. Academic research
12. Research shows that most criminals are poor. Many people think, therefore, that most
poor people are criminals. This is an example of:

a. Overgeneralization
b. Systematic reasoning
c. Selective observation
d. Resistance to change
*e. Illogical reasoning
13. Not questioning your professors about the accuracy of their statements could be an
example of:
a. Illogical reasoning
*b. Resistance to change
c. Overgeneralization
d. Selective observation
e. Inaccurate observation
14. Which of the following best describes an example of descriptive research about youth
gang members?
a. A study aimed at determining how relationships develop between gang members
b. A study focusing on the meanings that gang members assign to their group
*c. A study examining who gang members are and what their activities are
d. A study describing the effect of the drug trade on the formation of gangs
e. A study focused on the effects of social networks and gang membership

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15. An individual is told that an auto-manufacturing company has changed its business plan
to make quality vehicles, but he refuses to believe this because he has had poor experiences
with this company's vehicles in the past. This is an example of:
a. Illogical reasoning
b. Overgeneralization
*c. Resistance to change
d. Selective observation
16. Which of the following is not an example of qualitative research methods?
a. Interviews
b. Participant observation
c. Focus groups
*d. Statistical analysis
17. A researcher uses three different research methods to study a research question. This is
an example of:
*a. Triangulation
b. Phenomenology
c. Sociology
d. Qualitative research
18. In order to study the effect of television on an audience, a student watches old TV shows
and compares them to new ones. This is an example of:

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a. Historical events research
*b. Content analysis
c. Codified research
d. Triangulation
19. A student hands out questionnaires to other students in order to learn about student
views on a new university policy. This is an example of what kind of research?
a. Experiment
b. Quasi-experiment
*c. Survey
d. Participant observation
20. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research methods?
a. Intensive interviewing
b. Participant observation
c. Complete observation
*d. None of the above
21. Which of the following is not a standard motivation for criminological research?
a. Academic
b. Personal

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c. Policy
*d. Professional
22. When studying the social world it is easy to avoid making errors in logic when we are
consciously involved.
a. True
*b. False
23. Personal motivations are valid motives for criminological research.
*a. True
b. False
24. Social science research should be quantitative or qualitative; it cannot be both.
a. True
*b. False
25. A certain degree of devotion to tradition is necessary and desirable for the predictable
functioning of society.
*a. True
b. False

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26. Ego-based commitments are a necessary part of personal research motivations.
a. True
*b. False
27. Using social science research methods can eliminate the possibility of overgeneralization
and other everyday errors in reasoning.
a. True
*b. False
28. An experiment is the most versatile type of method.
a. True
*b. False
29. The goal of validity has been achieved when our conclusions about empirical reality are
correct.
*a. True
b. False
30. Measurement validity can be described as when a measure can be applied to the
population studied and the population we wish to generalize to.

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a. True
*b. False
31. Cross-population validity refers to being able to generalize findings about one group to
another group, setting or population.
*a. True
b. False
32. An authentic understanding of a social process is one that conforms to the beliefs of a
majority of people.
a. True
*b. False
33. The primary focus of _____________ research is to define and describe social
phenomena.
Correct Answer(s):
a. descriptive
34. _____________ research seeks to determine the effects of social programs.

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Correct Answer(s):
a. evaluation
35. _____________ is the combination of methodologies to answer a research question.
Correct Answer(s):
a. triangulation
36. Using census data to study aspects of the American population is an example of
_____________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. secondary data analysis
37. _____________ should be avoided so that we do not look only at things that are in line
with our preferences or beliefs.
Correct Answer(s):
a. selective observation
38. A research design method known as _____________ involves directly participating in the
activity being observed and developing a sustained relationship with people while they go
about their normal activities.
Correct Answer(s):

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a. participant observation
39. When we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions,
we are using _____________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. illogical reasoning
40. When we conclude that what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases, we
are likely to make a(n) _____________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. overgeneralization
41. The study of individuals, societies, and social processes, using the systematic methods is
known as the study of __________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. social science
42. By requiring that phenomena are measures and sampled systematically we can reduce
the risk of __________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. selective or inaccurate observation

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43. If a research question begins with "How many people...?" the type of research most
likely is __________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. descriptive
44. If a research question begins with "Why do people...?" the type of research most likely is
__________.
Correct Answer(s):
a. explanatory
45. Research that utilizes data made up of numbers or attributes that can be ordered in
terms of magnitude is considered _____________ research.
Correct Answer(s):
a. quantitative
46. _____________ exists when a measure actually measures what we think it does.
Correct Answer(s):
a. measurement validity

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47. _____________ exists when a conclusion based on a sample of a larger population hold
true for that population; _____________ exists with those conclusions hold true for other
populations.
Correct Answer(s):
a. sample generalizability; cross-population generalizability
48. Define overgeneralization, selective observation, and illogical reasoning. Provide an
example of each and how each might be avoided through the use of social science methods.
Correct Answer:
varies
49. Explain the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Be sure
to address the types of data collection commonly used and the areas of research to which
they could be applied.
Correct Answer:
varies
50. Explain the differences between descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, and evaluation
research. Provide an example of each.
Correct Answer:
varies

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51. Write a brief explanation of the concept of validity and its three dimensions. If you were
studying the effect of violence in the media and aggression levels in children, what concerns
would you have regarding the three dimensions of validity?
Correct Answer:
varies
52. Describe the three different motivations for research discussed in the text and provide
an example of a research project that might be motivated by each.
Correct Answer:
varies
53. Briefly describe at least four different types of social research methods and identify a
research project that might be explored for each one.
Correct Answer:
varies

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