Introduction to Financial Accounting, 11th Edition Solution Manual
Introduction to Financial Accounting, 11th Edition Solution Manual offers step-by-step solutions to help you understand tough concepts with ease.
John Wilson
Contributor
4.9
173
about 2 months ago
Preview (31 of 524)
Sign in to access the full document!
1
CHAPTER 1
COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS EXERCISES PROBLEMS OTHER
LO1: Explain how accounting
information assists in making
decisions.
1,2,3,4,5,25
LO2: Describe the components
of the balance sheet.
6,7 28, 33 42, 43 54,55,56
LO3: Analyze business
transactions and relate them to
changes in the balance sheet.
8,9,10, 24 29,30 35,36,37,38,
39,40
53
LO4: Prepare a balance sheet
from transactions data.
31,32 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41,
44,45
53
LO5: Compare the features of
sole proprietorships,
partnerships, and
corporations.
11,12,13,14, 26
LO6: Identify how the owners’
equity section in a corporate
balance sheet differs from that
in a sole proprietorship or a
partnership.
15,16 33, 34 46,47,48,49
LO7: Explain the regulation of
financial reporting, including
differences between U.S.
GAAP and IFRS.
17,18 50
LO8: Describe auditing and
how it enhances the value of
financial information.
18,19,27 50,51 56
LO9: Evaluate the role of
ethics in the accounting
process.
20,21 52
LO10: Recognize career
opportunities in accounting,
and understand that
accounting is important to both
for-profit and nonprofit
organizations.
22, 23
CHAPTER 1
COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS EXERCISES PROBLEMS OTHER
LO1: Explain how accounting
information assists in making
decisions.
1,2,3,4,5,25
LO2: Describe the components
of the balance sheet.
6,7 28, 33 42, 43 54,55,56
LO3: Analyze business
transactions and relate them to
changes in the balance sheet.
8,9,10, 24 29,30 35,36,37,38,
39,40
53
LO4: Prepare a balance sheet
from transactions data.
31,32 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41,
44,45
53
LO5: Compare the features of
sole proprietorships,
partnerships, and
corporations.
11,12,13,14, 26
LO6: Identify how the owners’
equity section in a corporate
balance sheet differs from that
in a sole proprietorship or a
partnership.
15,16 33, 34 46,47,48,49
LO7: Explain the regulation of
financial reporting, including
differences between U.S.
GAAP and IFRS.
17,18 50
LO8: Describe auditing and
how it enhances the value of
financial information.
18,19,27 50,51 56
LO9: Evaluate the role of
ethics in the accounting
process.
20,21 52
LO10: Recognize career
opportunities in accounting,
and understand that
accounting is important to both
for-profit and nonprofit
organizations.
22, 23
1
CHAPTER 1
COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS EXERCISES PROBLEMS OTHER
LO1: Explain how accounting
information assists in making
decisions.
1,2,3,4,5,25
LO2: Describe the components
of the balance sheet.
6,7 28, 33 42, 43 54,55,56
LO3: Analyze business
transactions and relate them to
changes in the balance sheet.
8,9,10, 24 29,30 35,36,37,38,
39,40
53
LO4: Prepare a balance sheet
from transactions data.
31,32 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41,
44,45
53
LO5: Compare the features of
sole proprietorships,
partnerships, and
corporations.
11,12,13,14, 26
LO6: Identify how the owners’
equity section in a corporate
balance sheet differs from that
in a sole proprietorship or a
partnership.
15,16 33, 34 46,47,48,49
LO7: Explain the regulation of
financial reporting, including
differences between U.S.
GAAP and IFRS.
17,18 50
LO8: Describe auditing and
how it enhances the value of
financial information.
18,19,27 50,51 56
LO9: Evaluate the role of
ethics in the accounting
process.
20,21 52
LO10: Recognize career
opportunities in accounting,
and understand that
accounting is important to both
for-profit and nonprofit
organizations.
22, 23
CHAPTER 1
COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS EXERCISES PROBLEMS OTHER
LO1: Explain how accounting
information assists in making
decisions.
1,2,3,4,5,25
LO2: Describe the components
of the balance sheet.
6,7 28, 33 42, 43 54,55,56
LO3: Analyze business
transactions and relate them to
changes in the balance sheet.
8,9,10, 24 29,30 35,36,37,38,
39,40
53
LO4: Prepare a balance sheet
from transactions data.
31,32 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41,
44,45
53
LO5: Compare the features of
sole proprietorships,
partnerships, and
corporations.
11,12,13,14, 26
LO6: Identify how the owners’
equity section in a corporate
balance sheet differs from that
in a sole proprietorship or a
partnership.
15,16 33, 34 46,47,48,49
LO7: Explain the regulation of
financial reporting, including
differences between U.S.
GAAP and IFRS.
17,18 50
LO8: Describe auditing and
how it enhances the value of
financial information.
18,19,27 50,51 56
LO9: Evaluate the role of
ethics in the accounting
process.
20,21 52
LO10: Recognize career
opportunities in accounting,
and understand that
accounting is important to both
for-profit and nonprofit
organizations.
22, 23
2
CHAPTER 1
1-1 Accounting is a process of identifying, recording, summarizing, and reporting economic
information to decision makers.
1-2 No. Accounting is real information about real companies. In learning accounting it is
helpful to see accounting reports from various companies. This helps put the rules and
techniques of accounting into an understandable framework and provides familiarity with
the diversity of practice.
1-3 Examples of decisions that are likely to be influenced by financial statements include
choosing where to expand or reduce operations, lending money, investing ownership
capital, and rewarding mangers.
1-4 Users of financial statements include investors, managers, lenders, suppliers, owners,
income tax authorities, and government regulators.
1-5 The major distinction between financial accounting and management accounting is their
use by two classes of decision makers. Management accounting is concerned mainly
with how accounting can serve internal decision makers such as the chief executive
officer and other executives. Financial accounting is concerned with supplying
information to external users.
1-6 The balance sheet equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ equity. It is the
fundamental framework of accounting. The left side lists the resources of the
organization, and the right side lists the claims against those resources.
1-7 No. Every transaction should leave the balance sheet equation in balance. Accounting is
often called “double-entry” because accountants must enter at least two numbers for each
transaction to keep the equation in balance.
1-8 This is true. When a company buys inventory for cash, one asset is traded for another,
and neither total assets nor total liabilities change. Thus, the balance sheet equation stays
in balance. When a company buys inventory on credit, both inventory and accounts
payable increase. Thus, both total assets and total liabilities increase by the same
amount, again keeping the balance sheet equation in balance.
1-9 The evidence for a note payable includes a promissory note, but the evidence for an
account payable does not. A note payable is generally to a lender while an account
payable is generally to a supplier.
1-10 Balance sheets for companies in the same industry will not necessarily look similar. For
example, companies in the same industry may have quite different strategies. One might
be capital intensive, with large amounts of property, plant, and equipment. Another may
rely less on fixed assets, but it may have large accounts receivable because of a lenient
credit policy. In addition, one may have large bank loans while another has greater
owner investment and thus larger owners’ equity or stockholders’ equity.
CHAPTER 1
1-1 Accounting is a process of identifying, recording, summarizing, and reporting economic
information to decision makers.
1-2 No. Accounting is real information about real companies. In learning accounting it is
helpful to see accounting reports from various companies. This helps put the rules and
techniques of accounting into an understandable framework and provides familiarity with
the diversity of practice.
1-3 Examples of decisions that are likely to be influenced by financial statements include
choosing where to expand or reduce operations, lending money, investing ownership
capital, and rewarding mangers.
1-4 Users of financial statements include investors, managers, lenders, suppliers, owners,
income tax authorities, and government regulators.
1-5 The major distinction between financial accounting and management accounting is their
use by two classes of decision makers. Management accounting is concerned mainly
with how accounting can serve internal decision makers such as the chief executive
officer and other executives. Financial accounting is concerned with supplying
information to external users.
1-6 The balance sheet equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ equity. It is the
fundamental framework of accounting. The left side lists the resources of the
organization, and the right side lists the claims against those resources.
1-7 No. Every transaction should leave the balance sheet equation in balance. Accounting is
often called “double-entry” because accountants must enter at least two numbers for each
transaction to keep the equation in balance.
1-8 This is true. When a company buys inventory for cash, one asset is traded for another,
and neither total assets nor total liabilities change. Thus, the balance sheet equation stays
in balance. When a company buys inventory on credit, both inventory and accounts
payable increase. Thus, both total assets and total liabilities increase by the same
amount, again keeping the balance sheet equation in balance.
1-9 The evidence for a note payable includes a promissory note, but the evidence for an
account payable does not. A note payable is generally to a lender while an account
payable is generally to a supplier.
1-10 Balance sheets for companies in the same industry will not necessarily look similar. For
example, companies in the same industry may have quite different strategies. One might
be capital intensive, with large amounts of property, plant, and equipment. Another may
rely less on fixed assets, but it may have large accounts receivable because of a lenient
credit policy. In addition, one may have large bank loans while another has greater
owner investment and thus larger owners’ equity or stockholders’ equity.
3
1-11 Ownership shares in most large corporations are easily traded in the stock markets,
corporate owners have limited liability, and the owners of sole proprietorships or
partnerships are usually also managers in the company while most corporations hire
professional managers.
1-12 Limited liability means that corporate owners are not personally liable for the debts of the
corporation. Creditors’ claims can be satisfied only by the assets of the particular
corporation.
1-13 The corporation is the most prominent type of entity, and corporations do by far the
largest volume of business.
1-14 Yes. In the United Kingdom corporations frequently use the word limited (Ltd.) in their
name. In many countries whose laws trace back to Spain, the initials S.A. refer to a
“society anonymous,” meaning that multiple unidentified owners stand behind the
company, which is essentially the same structure as a corporation.
1-15 Almost all states forbid the issuance of stock at below par; thus, par values are
customarily set at very low amounts and have no real importance in affecting economic
behavior of the issuing entity.
1-16 The board of directors is the elected link between stockholders and the actual managers.
It is the board’s duty to ensure that managers act in the best interests of shareholders.
1-17 In the U.S. GAAP is generally set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The
SEC has formal authority for specifying accounting standards for companies with
publicly held stock, as delegated by Congress, but it usually accepts the standards
promulgated by the FASB. Internationally, a majority of countries accept IFRS as set by
the International Accounting Standards Board as their GAAP.
1-18 Until recently this was true. However, now the SEC allows companies headquartered
outside the U. S. to report using IFRS.
1-19 Audits have value because they add credibility to a company’s financial statements.
Provided that auditors have the expertise to assess the accuracy of financial statements
and the integrity to report any problems they discover, the investing public can put more
faith in statements that are audited.
1-20 A CPA is a certified public accountant. One becomes a CPA by a combination of
education, qualifying experience, and the passing of a two-day national examination. A
CA (chartered accountant) is the equivalent of a CPA in many parts of the world,
including most former British Commonwealth countries.
1-11 Ownership shares in most large corporations are easily traded in the stock markets,
corporate owners have limited liability, and the owners of sole proprietorships or
partnerships are usually also managers in the company while most corporations hire
professional managers.
1-12 Limited liability means that corporate owners are not personally liable for the debts of the
corporation. Creditors’ claims can be satisfied only by the assets of the particular
corporation.
1-13 The corporation is the most prominent type of entity, and corporations do by far the
largest volume of business.
1-14 Yes. In the United Kingdom corporations frequently use the word limited (Ltd.) in their
name. In many countries whose laws trace back to Spain, the initials S.A. refer to a
“society anonymous,” meaning that multiple unidentified owners stand behind the
company, which is essentially the same structure as a corporation.
1-15 Almost all states forbid the issuance of stock at below par; thus, par values are
customarily set at very low amounts and have no real importance in affecting economic
behavior of the issuing entity.
1-16 The board of directors is the elected link between stockholders and the actual managers.
It is the board’s duty to ensure that managers act in the best interests of shareholders.
1-17 In the U.S. GAAP is generally set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The
SEC has formal authority for specifying accounting standards for companies with
publicly held stock, as delegated by Congress, but it usually accepts the standards
promulgated by the FASB. Internationally, a majority of countries accept IFRS as set by
the International Accounting Standards Board as their GAAP.
1-18 Until recently this was true. However, now the SEC allows companies headquartered
outside the U. S. to report using IFRS.
1-19 Audits have value because they add credibility to a company’s financial statements.
Provided that auditors have the expertise to assess the accuracy of financial statements
and the integrity to report any problems they discover, the investing public can put more
faith in statements that are audited.
1-20 A CPA is a certified public accountant. One becomes a CPA by a combination of
education, qualifying experience, and the passing of a two-day national examination. A
CA (chartered accountant) is the equivalent of a CPA in many parts of the world,
including most former British Commonwealth countries.
Loading page 4...
4
1-21 Public accountants must obey standards of independence and integrity. In addition, there
are many more ethical standards that pertain to accountants. Some folks call accounting
the moral guardian of companies. This reputation has been sullied recently by corporate
scandals that went undetected (or, at least, unreported by accountants), but accountants
are working to regain the high ethical regard they have traditionally maintained.
1-22 All managers find accounting useful for making decisions, and often their superiors use
accounting numbers in evaluating them. In addition, experience in accounting is valuable
to anyone in an organization. Many operating executives got their start in accounting. It
provided them a broad knowledge of the company and brought them into contact with
managers throughout the organization.
1-23 No. The fundamental accounting principles apply equally to nonprofit (also called not-
for-profit) and profit-seeking organizations. Managers and accountants in hospitals,
universities, government agencies, and other nonprofit organizations use financial
statements. They need to raise and spend money, prepare budgets, and judge financial
performance. Nonprofit organizations need to use their limited resources wisely, and
financial statements are essential for judging their use of resources.
1-24 Double-entry refers to the concept that every transaction involves two or more accounts
with the effect being to retain the balance in the balance sheet equation. The double-
entry concept is important because it emphasizes that there are assets and claims on
assets. In the balance sheet, for example, borrowing money provides an asset, cash, and
creates a liability. In addition to this conceptual benefit there is a clerical benefit.
Maintaining a balanced relationship provides an indicator of errors. If the balance sheet
equation does not balance, an error has been made.
1-25 Historians are primarily concerned with events that have already occurred. In that sense,
a company’s financial statements do report on history—transactions that are complete.
The negative side of this is that many important things that affect the value of a firm are
based on what will happen in the future. Thus, investors often worry about expectations
and predictions. Of course, there is no way to agree on the accuracy of expectations and
predictions. The positive side of historical financial statements is that they present a
no-nonsense perspective on what actually happened, where the company was at a point in
time, or what it accomplished over a period of time. It is easier to predict the future when
you know where you are and how you got there. You might liken the importance of
historical financial statements to the importance of navigation instruments. If you do not
know where you are and where you are headed, it is very hard to get to where you want
to go.
Most people who refer to accountants as historians intend it as a criticism, although, as
indicated above, a historical focus ensures that the data are measurable and verifiable.
1-21 Public accountants must obey standards of independence and integrity. In addition, there
are many more ethical standards that pertain to accountants. Some folks call accounting
the moral guardian of companies. This reputation has been sullied recently by corporate
scandals that went undetected (or, at least, unreported by accountants), but accountants
are working to regain the high ethical regard they have traditionally maintained.
1-22 All managers find accounting useful for making decisions, and often their superiors use
accounting numbers in evaluating them. In addition, experience in accounting is valuable
to anyone in an organization. Many operating executives got their start in accounting. It
provided them a broad knowledge of the company and brought them into contact with
managers throughout the organization.
1-23 No. The fundamental accounting principles apply equally to nonprofit (also called not-
for-profit) and profit-seeking organizations. Managers and accountants in hospitals,
universities, government agencies, and other nonprofit organizations use financial
statements. They need to raise and spend money, prepare budgets, and judge financial
performance. Nonprofit organizations need to use their limited resources wisely, and
financial statements are essential for judging their use of resources.
1-24 Double-entry refers to the concept that every transaction involves two or more accounts
with the effect being to retain the balance in the balance sheet equation. The double-
entry concept is important because it emphasizes that there are assets and claims on
assets. In the balance sheet, for example, borrowing money provides an asset, cash, and
creates a liability. In addition to this conceptual benefit there is a clerical benefit.
Maintaining a balanced relationship provides an indicator of errors. If the balance sheet
equation does not balance, an error has been made.
1-25 Historians are primarily concerned with events that have already occurred. In that sense,
a company’s financial statements do report on history—transactions that are complete.
The negative side of this is that many important things that affect the value of a firm are
based on what will happen in the future. Thus, investors often worry about expectations
and predictions. Of course, there is no way to agree on the accuracy of expectations and
predictions. The positive side of historical financial statements is that they present a
no-nonsense perspective on what actually happened, where the company was at a point in
time, or what it accomplished over a period of time. It is easier to predict the future when
you know where you are and how you got there. You might liken the importance of
historical financial statements to the importance of navigation instruments. If you do not
know where you are and where you are headed, it is very hard to get to where you want
to go.
Most people who refer to accountants as historians intend it as a criticism, although, as
indicated above, a historical focus ensures that the data are measurable and verifiable.
Loading page 5...
5
1-26 Such arguments are fun but can never be truly resolved. The notion behind the
importance of the corporation is that for any substantial growth to occur there must be a
system for organizing resources and using them over long periods of time. The corporate
form of ownership helps companies raise large amounts of capital via stock issuance as
well as borrowing. It allows us to separate ownership from management. It protects the
personal assets of shareholders, and because their maximum losses can be limited, more
risky undertakings can be financed. Finally, it has perpetual life so its activity is not
disrupted by the death of any shareholder. Corporations operate under a set of
established rules of behavior for entering into contracts and being sure that other parties
can be relied upon to uphold their side of an agreement.
Accounting helped corporations emerge as the dominant economic organization in the
world. Without accounting it would be difficult to coordinate the activities of large
corporations. It would be especially difficult to separate management from ownership if
accounting did not provide information about the performance of managements.
1-27 The auditor increases the value of financial statements by reassuring the reader of the
statements that an “independent” and a “qualified” third party has reviewed
management’s disclosures and believes they fairly present the company’s performance.
The fact that you personally do not recognize the name of the audit firm should not be a
problem, because only CPAs can perform public audits and sign audit opinions. Every
state has strict procedures for licensing CPAs, so such people are qualified. Nevertheless,
audit firms develop reputations, and ones with a positive public image may give some
financial statement users more confidence in the financial statements they audit.
1-28 (10 min.) Amounts are in millions.
1. Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
$7 = $4 + $3
2. Assets and liabilities would increase by $2 million. Owners’ equity would be unaffected.
1-26 Such arguments are fun but can never be truly resolved. The notion behind the
importance of the corporation is that for any substantial growth to occur there must be a
system for organizing resources and using them over long periods of time. The corporate
form of ownership helps companies raise large amounts of capital via stock issuance as
well as borrowing. It allows us to separate ownership from management. It protects the
personal assets of shareholders, and because their maximum losses can be limited, more
risky undertakings can be financed. Finally, it has perpetual life so its activity is not
disrupted by the death of any shareholder. Corporations operate under a set of
established rules of behavior for entering into contracts and being sure that other parties
can be relied upon to uphold their side of an agreement.
Accounting helped corporations emerge as the dominant economic organization in the
world. Without accounting it would be difficult to coordinate the activities of large
corporations. It would be especially difficult to separate management from ownership if
accounting did not provide information about the performance of managements.
1-27 The auditor increases the value of financial statements by reassuring the reader of the
statements that an “independent” and a “qualified” third party has reviewed
management’s disclosures and believes they fairly present the company’s performance.
The fact that you personally do not recognize the name of the audit firm should not be a
problem, because only CPAs can perform public audits and sign audit opinions. Every
state has strict procedures for licensing CPAs, so such people are qualified. Nevertheless,
audit firms develop reputations, and ones with a positive public image may give some
financial statement users more confidence in the financial statements they audit.
1-28 (10 min.) Amounts are in millions.
1. Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
$7 = $4 + $3
2. Assets and liabilities would increase by $2 million. Owners’ equity would be unaffected.
Loading page 6...
6
1-29 (15-20 min.)
May 2 Owners invested $6,000 additional cash in Radloff’s Furniture Company.
3 Owners invested an additional $4,000 into the company by contributing
additional store fixtures valued at $4,000.
4 Radloff’s Furniture Company purchased additional furniture inventory for
$3,000 cash.
5 Radloff’s Furniture Company purchased furniture inventory on account
for $6,000.
6 Radloff’s Furniture Company sold store fixtures for $3,000 cash.
7 Radloff’s Furniture Company purchased $6,000 of store fixtures, paying
$5,000 cash now and agreeing to pay $1,000 later.
8 Radloff’s Furniture Company paid $2,000 on accounts payable.
9 Radloff’s Furniture Company returned $400 of merchandise (furniture
inventory) for credit against accounts payable.
10 Owners withdrew $3,000 cash from Radloff’s Furniture Company.
1-30 (10-20 min.)
Nov. 2 Melbourne purchased $2,500 of store fixtures on account.
3 Owner or owners withdrew $2,000 cash.
4 Melbourne returned $5,000 of its inventory of computers for $5,000 credit
against its accounts payable.
5 Computers (inventory) valued at $7,000 were invested in the company by
owners.
8 Melbourne paid $500 on accounts payable.
9 Melbourne purchased $3,500 of store fixtures, paying $1,000 now and
agreeing to pay $2,500 later.
10 Melbourne returned $500 of store fixtures for credit against accounts
payable.
1-29 (15-20 min.)
May 2 Owners invested $6,000 additional cash in Radloff’s Furniture Company.
3 Owners invested an additional $4,000 into the company by contributing
additional store fixtures valued at $4,000.
4 Radloff’s Furniture Company purchased additional furniture inventory for
$3,000 cash.
5 Radloff’s Furniture Company purchased furniture inventory on account
for $6,000.
6 Radloff’s Furniture Company sold store fixtures for $3,000 cash.
7 Radloff’s Furniture Company purchased $6,000 of store fixtures, paying
$5,000 cash now and agreeing to pay $1,000 later.
8 Radloff’s Furniture Company paid $2,000 on accounts payable.
9 Radloff’s Furniture Company returned $400 of merchandise (furniture
inventory) for credit against accounts payable.
10 Owners withdrew $3,000 cash from Radloff’s Furniture Company.
1-30 (10-20 min.)
Nov. 2 Melbourne purchased $2,500 of store fixtures on account.
3 Owner or owners withdrew $2,000 cash.
4 Melbourne returned $5,000 of its inventory of computers for $5,000 credit
against its accounts payable.
5 Computers (inventory) valued at $7,000 were invested in the company by
owners.
8 Melbourne paid $500 on accounts payable.
9 Melbourne purchased $3,500 of store fixtures, paying $1,000 now and
agreeing to pay $2,500 later.
10 Melbourne returned $500 of store fixtures for credit against accounts
payable.
Loading page 7...
7
1-31 (15-25 min.)
JACKSONVILLE CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
March 31, 20X1
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 5,000 (a) Liabilities:
Merchandise inventory 43,000 (b) Accounts payable $ 11,000 (f)
Furniture and fixtures 2,000 (c) Notes payable 10,000
Machinery and equipment 27,000 (d) Long-term debt 27,000 (g)
Land 39,000 (e) Total liabilities 48,000
Building 24,000 Stockholders’ equity:
Total assets $140,000 Paid-in capital 92,000 (h)
Total liab. & stk. equity $140,000
(a) Cash: $14,000 + $1,000 – $10,000 = $5,000
(b) Merchandise inventory: $40,000 + $3,000 = $43,000
(c) Furniture and fixtures: $3,000 – $1,000 = $2,000
(d) Machinery and equipment: $15,000 + $12,000 = $27,000
(e) Land: $14,000 + $25,000 = $39,000
(f) Accounts payable: $8,000 + $3,000 = $11,000
(g) Long-term debt: $12,000 + $15,000 = $27,000
(h) Paid-in capital: $80,000 + $12,000 = $92,000
Note: Event 5 requires no change in the balance sheet.
1-31 (15-25 min.)
JACKSONVILLE CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
March 31, 20X1
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 5,000 (a) Liabilities:
Merchandise inventory 43,000 (b) Accounts payable $ 11,000 (f)
Furniture and fixtures 2,000 (c) Notes payable 10,000
Machinery and equipment 27,000 (d) Long-term debt 27,000 (g)
Land 39,000 (e) Total liabilities 48,000
Building 24,000 Stockholders’ equity:
Total assets $140,000 Paid-in capital 92,000 (h)
Total liab. & stk. equity $140,000
(a) Cash: $14,000 + $1,000 – $10,000 = $5,000
(b) Merchandise inventory: $40,000 + $3,000 = $43,000
(c) Furniture and fixtures: $3,000 – $1,000 = $2,000
(d) Machinery and equipment: $15,000 + $12,000 = $27,000
(e) Land: $14,000 + $25,000 = $39,000
(f) Accounts payable: $8,000 + $3,000 = $11,000
(g) Long-term debt: $12,000 + $15,000 = $27,000
(h) Paid-in capital: $80,000 + $12,000 = $92,000
Note: Event 5 requires no change in the balance sheet.
Loading page 8...
8
1-32 (25-35 min.)
SOUTHAMPTON COMPANY
Balance Sheet
November 30, 20X1
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash £ 17,000 (a) Liabilities:
Merchandise inventory 29,000 Accounts payable £ 9,000 (d)
Furniture and fixtures 8,000 Notes payable 30,000 (e)
Machinery and equip. 33,000 (b) Long-term debt payable 111,000 (f)
Land 35,000 (c) Total liabilities 150,000
Building 241,000 Stockholders’ equity:
Total assets £363,000 Paid-in Capital 213,000 (g)
Total liab. & stk. equity £363,000
(a) Cash: £22,000 – £4,000 – £7,000 + £6,000 = £17,000
(b) Machinery and equipment: £20,000 + £13,000 = £33,000
(c) Land: £41,000 – £6,000 = £35,000
(d) Accounts payable: £16,000 – £7,000 = £9,000
(e) Notes payable: £21,000 + (£13,000 – £4,000) = £30,000
(f) Long-term debt payable: £134,000 – £23,000 = £111,000
(g) Paid-in capital: £190,000 + £23,000 = £213,000
Note: Event 4 requires no change in the balance sheet.
1-33 (5-10 min.)
1. Total liabilities = Total assets stockholders’ equity
= $26,271,000,000 $12,002,000,000
= $14,269,000,000
2. Common stock, par value = $.005 × 434,266,000 = $2,171,330.
Like other items on Costco’s balance sheet, the amount would be rounded off to millions:
Common stock, par value $2
1-32 (25-35 min.)
SOUTHAMPTON COMPANY
Balance Sheet
November 30, 20X1
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash £ 17,000 (a) Liabilities:
Merchandise inventory 29,000 Accounts payable £ 9,000 (d)
Furniture and fixtures 8,000 Notes payable 30,000 (e)
Machinery and equip. 33,000 (b) Long-term debt payable 111,000 (f)
Land 35,000 (c) Total liabilities 150,000
Building 241,000 Stockholders’ equity:
Total assets £363,000 Paid-in Capital 213,000 (g)
Total liab. & stk. equity £363,000
(a) Cash: £22,000 – £4,000 – £7,000 + £6,000 = £17,000
(b) Machinery and equipment: £20,000 + £13,000 = £33,000
(c) Land: £41,000 – £6,000 = £35,000
(d) Accounts payable: £16,000 – £7,000 = £9,000
(e) Notes payable: £21,000 + (£13,000 – £4,000) = £30,000
(f) Long-term debt payable: £134,000 – £23,000 = £111,000
(g) Paid-in capital: £190,000 + £23,000 = £213,000
Note: Event 4 requires no change in the balance sheet.
1-33 (5-10 min.)
1. Total liabilities = Total assets stockholders’ equity
= $26,271,000,000 $12,002,000,000
= $14,269,000,000
2. Common stock, par value = $.005 × 434,266,000 = $2,171,330.
Like other items on Costco’s balance sheet, the amount would be rounded off to millions:
Common stock, par value $2
Loading page 9...
9
1-34 (5 – 10 min.)
The Mammal Center
Balance Sheet
July 1, 20X1
Assets Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity
Cash $45,000 Accounts payable $14,000
Account receivable 13,000 Bank loan payable 9,000
Property, plant, and equipment 25,000 Capital stock at par 2,000
Total assets $83,000 Additional paid-in capital $58,000
Total liab. and stockholder’s equity $83,000
1-35 (20-30 min.) See Exhibit 1-35. Equipment and furniture could be in two separate
accounts rather than combined.
1-36 (20-35 min.)
1. See Exhibit 1-36.
2. JBW CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
January 31, 20X1
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Cash $153 Accounts payable $108
Note payable 30
Merchandise inventory 249 Total liabilities $138
Stockholders’ equity:
Equipment 36 Capital stock,
$1 par, 30,000 shares
issued and outstanding $ 30
Additional paid-in capital
in excess of par value 270 300
Total assets $438 Total liabilities & stockholders’ equity $438
1-34 (5 – 10 min.)
The Mammal Center
Balance Sheet
July 1, 20X1
Assets Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity
Cash $45,000 Accounts payable $14,000
Account receivable 13,000 Bank loan payable 9,000
Property, plant, and equipment 25,000 Capital stock at par 2,000
Total assets $83,000 Additional paid-in capital $58,000
Total liab. and stockholder’s equity $83,000
1-35 (20-30 min.) See Exhibit 1-35. Equipment and furniture could be in two separate
accounts rather than combined.
1-36 (20-35 min.)
1. See Exhibit 1-36.
2. JBW CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
January 31, 20X1
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Cash $153 Accounts payable $108
Note payable 30
Merchandise inventory 249 Total liabilities $138
Stockholders’ equity:
Equipment 36 Capital stock,
$1 par, 30,000 shares
issued and outstanding $ 30
Additional paid-in capital
in excess of par value 270 300
Total assets $438 Total liabilities & stockholders’ equity $438
Loading page 10...
10
EXHIBIT 1–35
MARYMOUNT SERVICES, INC.
Analysis of April 20X1 Transactions
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Equipment Note Accounts Paid-in
Description of Transactions Cash + and Furniture = Payable + Payable + Capital
1. Issuance of stock +60 = +60
2. Issuance of stock +20 = +20
3. Borrowing +35 = +35
4. Acquisition for cash –33 +33 =
5. Acquisition on account +10 = +10
6. Payments to creditors – 4 = – 4
7. Sale of equipment + 8 – 8 =
8. No entry =
+66 +55 = +35 + 6 + 80
121 121
MARYMOUNT SERVICES, INC.
Balance Sheet
April 30, 20X1
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable $ 6,000
Cash $ 66,000 Note payable 35,000
Equipment and furniture 55,000 Paid-in Capital 80,000
Total assets $121,000 Total liab. & stk. equity $121,000
EXHIBIT 1–35
MARYMOUNT SERVICES, INC.
Analysis of April 20X1 Transactions
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Equipment Note Accounts Paid-in
Description of Transactions Cash + and Furniture = Payable + Payable + Capital
1. Issuance of stock +60 = +60
2. Issuance of stock +20 = +20
3. Borrowing +35 = +35
4. Acquisition for cash –33 +33 =
5. Acquisition on account +10 = +10
6. Payments to creditors – 4 = – 4
7. Sale of equipment + 8 – 8 =
8. No entry =
+66 +55 = +35 + 6 + 80
121 121
MARYMOUNT SERVICES, INC.
Balance Sheet
April 30, 20X1
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable $ 6,000
Cash $ 66,000 Note payable 35,000
Equipment and furniture 55,000 Paid-in Capital 80,000
Total assets $121,000 Total liab. & stk. equity $121,000
Loading page 11...
11
EXHIBIT 1–36
JBW CORPORATION
January 20X1
Analysis of Transactions
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Merch- Capital Additional
andise Equip- Notes Accounts Stock Paid-in
Description of Transactions Cash + Inventory + ment = Payable + Payable + (at par) + Capital
1. Original incorporation +300 = + 30 + 270
2. Inventory purchased –75 +75 =
3. Inventory purchased +85 = + 85
4. Return of inventory to
supplier –11 = – 11
5. Purchase of equipment –10 +40 = +30
6. Sale of equipment + 4 – 4 =
7. Payment to creditor –16 = – 16
8. Inventory purchased –50 +100 = + 50
9. No entry except on
detailed underlying
records =
Balance, January 31, 20X1 +153 +249 +36 = +30 +108 + 30 + 270
438 438
EXHIBIT 1–36
JBW CORPORATION
January 20X1
Analysis of Transactions
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Merch- Capital Additional
andise Equip- Notes Accounts Stock Paid-in
Description of Transactions Cash + Inventory + ment = Payable + Payable + (at par) + Capital
1. Original incorporation +300 = + 30 + 270
2. Inventory purchased –75 +75 =
3. Inventory purchased +85 = + 85
4. Return of inventory to
supplier –11 = – 11
5. Purchase of equipment –10 +40 = +30
6. Sale of equipment + 4 – 4 =
7. Payment to creditor –16 = – 16
8. Inventory purchased –50 +100 = + 50
9. No entry except on
detailed underlying
records =
Balance, January 31, 20X1 +153 +249 +36 = +30 +108 + 30 + 270
438 438
Loading page 12...
12
1-37 (20-35 min.)
1. See Exhibit 1-37.
2. AUTOPARTES LISBON
Balance Sheet
March 31, 20X1
Assets Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Cash €62,800 Liabilities:
Inventory 16,600 Accounts payable € 4,500
Equipment 17,500 Note payable 8,000
Total liabilities 12,500
You, capital 84,400
Total assets €96,900 Total liabilities and owner’s equity €96,900
1-38 (25-40 min.) Note that transaction 9 is not covered directly in the text. However, it should
be possible to figure out the accounting for it from similar items that are covered. However, some
instructors may want to omit transaction 9.
1. See Exhibit 1-38.
2. LEIDA CRUZ, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20X0
Liabilities and
Assets Owner’s Equity
Liabilities:
Cash in bank $50,000 Accounts payable $ 1,000
Note receivable 3,000 Note payable 3,000
Rental damage deposit 1,000 Total liabilities $ 4,000
Legal supplies on hand 1,000 Owner’s equity:
Computer 5,000 Leida Cruz, capital 60,000
Office furniture 4,000 Total liabilities and
Total assets $64,000 owner’s equity $64,000
1-39 (15-25 min.) See Exhibit 1-39.
1-37 (20-35 min.)
1. See Exhibit 1-37.
2. AUTOPARTES LISBON
Balance Sheet
March 31, 20X1
Assets Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Cash €62,800 Liabilities:
Inventory 16,600 Accounts payable € 4,500
Equipment 17,500 Note payable 8,000
Total liabilities 12,500
You, capital 84,400
Total assets €96,900 Total liabilities and owner’s equity €96,900
1-38 (25-40 min.) Note that transaction 9 is not covered directly in the text. However, it should
be possible to figure out the accounting for it from similar items that are covered. However, some
instructors may want to omit transaction 9.
1. See Exhibit 1-38.
2. LEIDA CRUZ, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20X0
Liabilities and
Assets Owner’s Equity
Liabilities:
Cash in bank $50,000 Accounts payable $ 1,000
Note receivable 3,000 Note payable 3,000
Rental damage deposit 1,000 Total liabilities $ 4,000
Legal supplies on hand 1,000 Owner’s equity:
Computer 5,000 Leida Cruz, capital 60,000
Office furniture 4,000 Total liabilities and
Total assets $64,000 owner’s equity $64,000
1-39 (15-25 min.) See Exhibit 1-39.
Loading page 13...
13
EXHIBIT 1–37
AUTOPARTES LISBON
Analysis of Transactions (in Euros)
For the Month Ended March 31, 20X1
Assets Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Equip- Accounts Note You,
Description of Transactions Cash + Inventory + ment = Payable + Payable + Capital
1. Initial investment +80,000 = +80,000
2. Inventory acquired for cash 10,000 +10,000 =
3. Inventory acquired on credit + 8,000 = + 8,000
4. Equipment acquired – 5,000 +15,000 = +10,000
5. No entry =
6. Tires for family – 600 = - 600
7. Parts returned to
supplier for cash + 300 – 300 =
8. No effect on total inventory* =
9. Parts returned to
supplier for credit – 500 = – 500
10. Payment on note – 2,000 = –2,000
11. Equipment acquired + 5,000 = +5,000
12. Payment to creditors – 3,000 = –3,000
13. No entry
14. No entry
15. Exchange of equipment + 2,500 – 4,000 =
+ 1,500
+ 62,800 +16,600 +17,500 = +4,500 + 8,000 +84,400
96,900 96,900
*Entries could have reduced both inventory and accounts payable by €800 and then increased the same two accounts by €800. The
net effect is no change in either account.
EXHIBIT 1–37
AUTOPARTES LISBON
Analysis of Transactions (in Euros)
For the Month Ended March 31, 20X1
Assets Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Equip- Accounts Note You,
Description of Transactions Cash + Inventory + ment = Payable + Payable + Capital
1. Initial investment +80,000 = +80,000
2. Inventory acquired for cash 10,000 +10,000 =
3. Inventory acquired on credit + 8,000 = + 8,000
4. Equipment acquired – 5,000 +15,000 = +10,000
5. No entry =
6. Tires for family – 600 = - 600
7. Parts returned to
supplier for cash + 300 – 300 =
8. No effect on total inventory* =
9. Parts returned to
supplier for credit – 500 = – 500
10. Payment on note – 2,000 = –2,000
11. Equipment acquired + 5,000 = +5,000
12. Payment to creditors – 3,000 = –3,000
13. No entry
14. No entry
15. Exchange of equipment + 2,500 – 4,000 =
+ 1,500
+ 62,800 +16,600 +17,500 = +4,500 + 8,000 +84,400
96,900 96,900
*Entries could have reduced both inventory and accounts payable by €800 and then increased the same two accounts by €800. The
net effect is no change in either account.
Loading page 14...
14
EXHIBIT 1–38
LEIDA CRUZ ATTORNEY
Analysis of Business Transactions
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Assets = Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Owner’s
Cash Note Rental Legal Office Liabilities Equity
Description in Receiv- Damage Supplies Furni- Note Account L. Cruz
of Transactions Bank able Deposit on Hand Computer ture Payable Payable Capital
2. Opening
investment +60 = +60
4. Rental deposit – 1 +1 =
5. Purchased computer – 2 +5 = +3
6. Purchased supplies +1 = +1
7. Purchased
furniture – 4 +4 =
9. Note receivable
from Whitman – 3 +3 =
Balance, December
31, 20X0 +50 +3 +1 +1 +5 +4 = +3 +1 +60
64 64
General Comments:
• Transactions 1 and 3 are personal rather than business transactions.
• In transaction 4, no obligation (liability) is set up for the rent because it is not payable until January 2 and no rental services will
occur until January.
• Transaction 8 requires no entry because no services have been performed during December.
EXHIBIT 1–38
LEIDA CRUZ ATTORNEY
Analysis of Business Transactions
(In Thousands of Dollars)
Assets = Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Owner’s
Cash Note Rental Legal Office Liabilities Equity
Description in Receiv- Damage Supplies Furni- Note Account L. Cruz
of Transactions Bank able Deposit on Hand Computer ture Payable Payable Capital
2. Opening
investment +60 = +60
4. Rental deposit – 1 +1 =
5. Purchased computer – 2 +5 = +3
6. Purchased supplies +1 = +1
7. Purchased
furniture – 4 +4 =
9. Note receivable
from Whitman – 3 +3 =
Balance, December
31, 20X0 +50 +3 +1 +1 +5 +4 = +3 +1 +60
64 64
General Comments:
• Transactions 1 and 3 are personal rather than business transactions.
• In transaction 4, no obligation (liability) is set up for the rent because it is not payable until January 2 and no rental services will
occur until January.
• Transaction 8 requires no entry because no services have been performed during December.
Loading page 15...
15
EXHIBIT 1–39
WALGREEN COMPANY
Analysis of Transactions
(In Millions of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Property Stock-
Inven- and Other Notes Accounts Other holders’
Description of Transactions Cash + tories + Assets = Payable + Payable + Liabilities + Equity
Balance August 31 1,556 8,044 17,854 = 4,810 7,797 14,847
1. Issuance of stock for cash +30 = + 30
2. Issuance of stock for equipment +42 = + 42
3. Borrowing +13 = +13
4. Acquisition of equipment for cash –18 +18 =
5. Acquisition of inventory on account +89 = +89
6. Payments to creditors –35 = –35
7. Sale of equipment +2 - 2 =
Balance September 2 1,548 8,133 17,912 = 13 4,864 7,797 14,919
27,593 27,593
WALGREEN COMPANY
Balance Sheet
September 2, 2011
(In Millions of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 1,548 Notes payable $ 13
Inventories 8,133 Accounts payable 4,864
Property and other assets 17,912 Other liabilities 7,797
Stockholders’ equity 14,919
Total assets $27,593 Total liab. and stockholders’ equity $27,593
EXHIBIT 1–39
WALGREEN COMPANY
Analysis of Transactions
(In Millions of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Property Stock-
Inven- and Other Notes Accounts Other holders’
Description of Transactions Cash + tories + Assets = Payable + Payable + Liabilities + Equity
Balance August 31 1,556 8,044 17,854 = 4,810 7,797 14,847
1. Issuance of stock for cash +30 = + 30
2. Issuance of stock for equipment +42 = + 42
3. Borrowing +13 = +13
4. Acquisition of equipment for cash –18 +18 =
5. Acquisition of inventory on account +89 = +89
6. Payments to creditors –35 = –35
7. Sale of equipment +2 - 2 =
Balance September 2 1,548 8,133 17,912 = 13 4,864 7,797 14,919
27,593 27,593
WALGREEN COMPANY
Balance Sheet
September 2, 2011
(In Millions of Dollars)
Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 1,548 Notes payable $ 13
Inventories 8,133 Accounts payable 4,864
Property and other assets 17,912 Other liabilities 7,797
Stockholders’ equity 14,919
Total assets $27,593 Total liab. and stockholders’ equity $27,593
Loading page 16...
16
1-40 (20-35 min.)
1. See Exhibit 1-40.
2. NIKE, INC.
Balance Sheet
June 3, 2011
(In Millions)
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 2,086 Total liabilities $ 5,213
Inventories 2,758 Stockholders’ equity 9,933
Property, plant, and equipment 2,089
Other assets 8,213
Total $15,146 Total liabilities & stk. equity $15,146
1-41 (15-20 min.)
JENNIFER GRANT, REALTOR
Balance Sheet
November 30, 20X1
Liabilities and
Assets Owners’ Equity
Cash $ 6,000 Liabilities:
Undeveloped land 170,000 Accounts payable $ 6,000
Office furniture 16,000 (a) Mortgage payable 85,000
Franchise 18,000 (b) Total liabilities 91,000
Owner’s equity:
Jennifer Grant, capital 119,000 (c)
Total assets $210,000 Total liabilities and
owner’s equity $210,000
(a) $17,000 – $1,000 = $16,000
(b) A franchise is an economic resource that has been purchased to benefit future operations.
(c) $210,000 – $91,000 = $119,000
Note that Rubenstein’s death may have considerable negative influence on future operations,
but accounting does not formally measure its monetary impact. Moreover, transactions 3 and 4 are
personal rather than business transactions.
1-40 (20-35 min.)
1. See Exhibit 1-40.
2. NIKE, INC.
Balance Sheet
June 3, 2011
(In Millions)
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 2,086 Total liabilities $ 5,213
Inventories 2,758 Stockholders’ equity 9,933
Property, plant, and equipment 2,089
Other assets 8,213
Total $15,146 Total liabilities & stk. equity $15,146
1-41 (15-20 min.)
JENNIFER GRANT, REALTOR
Balance Sheet
November 30, 20X1
Liabilities and
Assets Owners’ Equity
Cash $ 6,000 Liabilities:
Undeveloped land 170,000 Accounts payable $ 6,000
Office furniture 16,000 (a) Mortgage payable 85,000
Franchise 18,000 (b) Total liabilities 91,000
Owner’s equity:
Jennifer Grant, capital 119,000 (c)
Total assets $210,000 Total liabilities and
owner’s equity $210,000
(a) $17,000 – $1,000 = $16,000
(b) A franchise is an economic resource that has been purchased to benefit future operations.
(c) $210,000 – $91,000 = $119,000
Note that Rubenstein’s death may have considerable negative influence on future operations,
but accounting does not formally measure its monetary impact. Moreover, transactions 3 and 4 are
personal rather than business transactions.
Loading page 17...
17
EXHIBIT 1–40
NIKE, INC.
Analysis of Transactions
(In Millions of Dollars)
Assets
Liabilities and
Stockholders’ Equity
Description of Transactions Cash +
Inven-
tories +
Property,
Plant, and
Equip. +
Other Assets
=
Total
Liabil-
ities +
Stock-
holders’
Equity
Balance May 31 1,955 2,715 2,115 8,213 5,155 9,843
1. Inventory purchased 28 +28 =
2. Inventory purchased +19 = +19
3. Return of inventory
to supplier 4 = 4
4. Purchase of equipment 5 +14 = +9
5. Sale of equipment +40 40 =
6. No entry =
7. Payment to creditor 16 = 16
8. Borrowed from bank +50 = +50
9. Issued common stock +90 = +90
10. No entry except on
detailed underlying
records =
Balance, June 3 2,086 2,758 2,089 8,213 = 5,213 9,933
15,146 15,146
EXHIBIT 1–40
NIKE, INC.
Analysis of Transactions
(In Millions of Dollars)
Assets
Liabilities and
Stockholders’ Equity
Description of Transactions Cash +
Inven-
tories +
Property,
Plant, and
Equip. +
Other Assets
=
Total
Liabil-
ities +
Stock-
holders’
Equity
Balance May 31 1,955 2,715 2,115 8,213 5,155 9,843
1. Inventory purchased 28 +28 =
2. Inventory purchased +19 = +19
3. Return of inventory
to supplier 4 = 4
4. Purchase of equipment 5 +14 = +9
5. Sale of equipment +40 40 =
6. No entry =
7. Payment to creditor 16 = 16
8. Borrowed from bank +50 = +50
9. Issued common stock +90 = +90
10. No entry except on
detailed underlying
records =
Balance, June 3 2,086 2,758 2,089 8,213 = 5,213 9,933
15,146 15,146
Loading page 18...
18
1-42 (10 min.)
1. Cash would increase by $1,000 and the liability, Deposits, would increase by the same
amount.
2. Deposits are liabilities because Wells Fargo owes these amounts to depositors. They are
depositors’ claims on the assets of the bank.
3. Loans Receivable would increase and Cash would decrease by $75,000.
4. Both Deposits and Cash would decrease by $5,000.
1-43 (10 min.) Amounts are in millions.
1. a. Cash = Total assets Noncash assets
= €27,739 €24,860
= €2,879
b. Stockholders’ equity = Total assets Total liabilities
= €27,739 €21,512
= €6,227
2. Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity = total assets = €27,739.
1-42 (10 min.)
1. Cash would increase by $1,000 and the liability, Deposits, would increase by the same
amount.
2. Deposits are liabilities because Wells Fargo owes these amounts to depositors. They are
depositors’ claims on the assets of the bank.
3. Loans Receivable would increase and Cash would decrease by $75,000.
4. Both Deposits and Cash would decrease by $5,000.
1-43 (10 min.) Amounts are in millions.
1. a. Cash = Total assets Noncash assets
= €27,739 €24,860
= €2,879
b. Stockholders’ equity = Total assets Total liabilities
= €27,739 €21,512
= €6,227
2. Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity = total assets = €27,739.
Loading page 19...
19
1-44 (20-30 min.)
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2011
(In Millions of Dollars)
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 5,966 (1) Accounts payable $ 5,597
Inventories 8,617 Other liabilities 22,935
Fixed assets 6,137 Long term debt 9,501
Other assets 41,228 Total liabilities 38,033
Common stock $13,330
Other stockholders’
equity 10,585 (3)
Total stockholders’
equity 23,915 (2)
Total liabilities and
Total assets $61,948 stockholders’ equity $61,948
Notations (1), (2), and (3) designate the answers to the requirements. (1) The $5,966
cash was computed by taking total assets minus all assets except cash. To calculate (2) and (3),
note that total assets must equal total liabilities plus stockholders’ equity, $61,948. Furthermore,
total liabilities equal ($5,597 + $22,935 + $9,501) = $38,033. Therefore, total stockholders’
equity is ($61,948 – $38,033) = $23,915, denoted by (2) above. Other stockholders’ equity is
($23,915 – $13,330) = $10,585, denoted by (3) above.
1-44 (20-30 min.)
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2011
(In Millions of Dollars)
Liabilities and
Assets Stockholders’ Equity
Cash $ 5,966 (1) Accounts payable $ 5,597
Inventories 8,617 Other liabilities 22,935
Fixed assets 6,137 Long term debt 9,501
Other assets 41,228 Total liabilities 38,033
Common stock $13,330
Other stockholders’
equity 10,585 (3)
Total stockholders’
equity 23,915 (2)
Total liabilities and
Total assets $61,948 stockholders’ equity $61,948
Notations (1), (2), and (3) designate the answers to the requirements. (1) The $5,966
cash was computed by taking total assets minus all assets except cash. To calculate (2) and (3),
note that total assets must equal total liabilities plus stockholders’ equity, $61,948. Furthermore,
total liabilities equal ($5,597 + $22,935 + $9,501) = $38,033. Therefore, total stockholders’
equity is ($61,948 – $38,033) = $23,915, denoted by (2) above. Other stockholders’ equity is
($23,915 – $13,330) = $10,585, denoted by (3) above.
Loading page 20...
20
1-45 (20 min.)
MACY’S, INC.
Balance Sheet
October 29, 2011
(In Millions of Dollars)
Liabilities and
Assets Shareholders’ Equity
Cash $ 1,097 (1) Merchandise accounts
Inventories 7,158 payable $ 3,576
Property, plant, Long-term debt 6,151
and equipment 8,423 Other liabilities 6,684
Total liabilities $16,411 (2)
Other assets 5,585 Shareholders’ equity 5,852 (3)
Total liabilities and
Total assets $22,263 shareholders’ equity $22,263
Notations (1), (2), and (3) designate the answers to the requirements. Cash is calculated by
subtracting the values given for the other assets from total assets: ($22,263 $7,158$8,423
$5,585) = $1,097. Cash is the smallest individual asset. Companies try to keep cash balances
small because they do not earn large returns on cash accounts.
To calculate (2), simply add the components ($3,576 + $6,151 + $6,684).
For (3), note that total liabilities and shareholders’ equity equals total assets, $22,263, so
shareholders’ equity is $22,263 less total liabilities of $16,411, which equals $5,852.
1-45 (20 min.)
MACY’S, INC.
Balance Sheet
October 29, 2011
(In Millions of Dollars)
Liabilities and
Assets Shareholders’ Equity
Cash $ 1,097 (1) Merchandise accounts
Inventories 7,158 payable $ 3,576
Property, plant, Long-term debt 6,151
and equipment 8,423 Other liabilities 6,684
Total liabilities $16,411 (2)
Other assets 5,585 Shareholders’ equity 5,852 (3)
Total liabilities and
Total assets $22,263 shareholders’ equity $22,263
Notations (1), (2), and (3) designate the answers to the requirements. Cash is calculated by
subtracting the values given for the other assets from total assets: ($22,263 $7,158$8,423
$5,585) = $1,097. Cash is the smallest individual asset. Companies try to keep cash balances
small because they do not earn large returns on cash accounts.
To calculate (2), simply add the components ($3,576 + $6,151 + $6,684).
For (3), note that total liabilities and shareholders’ equity equals total assets, $22,263, so
shareholders’ equity is $22,263 less total liabilities of $16,411, which equals $5,852.
Loading page 21...
21
1-46 (10 min.)
1.
EL-HASHEM PARTNERS
Balance Sheet
June 15, 20X0
Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity
Rental house $350,000 Mortgage loan payable $260,000
Owners’ equity
Muhab El-Hashem, Capital 45,000
Ghassan El-Hashem, Capital 45,000
Total assets $350,000 Total liabilities and owners’equity $350,000
2.
EL-HASHEM CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
June 15, 20X0
Assets Liabilities & Stockholders’ Equity
Rental house $350,000 Mortgage loan payable $260,000
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, par value 2,000
Additional paid-in capital 88,000
Total assets $350,000 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $350,000
1-47 (10 min.)
1. The par value line would increase by (500,000,000 × $.01) = $5,000,000 and the number
of shares issued and outstanding would increase by 500 million. Additional paid-in
capital would increase by [500,000,000 × ($25.00 – $.01)] = $12,495,000,000.
2. IBM shows all of its paid-in capital as a one-line item. Therefore, its common stock line
would increase by $180,000,000, and the number of issued and outstanding shares would
increase by 1 million.
1-46 (10 min.)
1.
EL-HASHEM PARTNERS
Balance Sheet
June 15, 20X0
Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity
Rental house $350,000 Mortgage loan payable $260,000
Owners’ equity
Muhab El-Hashem, Capital 45,000
Ghassan El-Hashem, Capital 45,000
Total assets $350,000 Total liabilities and owners’equity $350,000
2.
EL-HASHEM CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
June 15, 20X0
Assets Liabilities & Stockholders’ Equity
Rental house $350,000 Mortgage loan payable $260,000
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, par value 2,000
Additional paid-in capital 88,000
Total assets $350,000 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $350,000
1-47 (10 min.)
1. The par value line would increase by (500,000,000 × $.01) = $5,000,000 and the number
of shares issued and outstanding would increase by 500 million. Additional paid-in
capital would increase by [500,000,000 × ($25.00 – $.01)] = $12,495,000,000.
2. IBM shows all of its paid-in capital as a one-line item. Therefore, its common stock line
would increase by $180,000,000, and the number of issued and outstanding shares would
increase by 1 million.
Loading page 22...
22
1-48 (5-10 min.)
The common stock line should show (2,442,676,580 × $.75) = $1,832 million; note that
balance sheet amounts are rounded to the nearest million. The total price per share paid by the
original investors for the Chevron common stock was ($15,110 million + $1,832 million) =
$16,942 million; the average price per share was ($16,942 million ÷ 2,442,676,580) = $6.94.
Note that the par value is small, $.75, as compared to $6.94.
The relatively large difference between the original issuance price ($6.94) and the current
market price (nearly $100 in early 2012) is quite typical of many large successful companies.
This is usually caused by increased investment attractiveness based on a record of profitable
operations over many years.
1-49 (5-10 min.)
1. The par value of Honda’s shares is (¥86,067,000,000 ÷ 1,811,428,430) = ¥47.5.
2. The average price per share paid by the original investors was ¥142.76: (¥86,067 million
+ ¥172,529 million) = ¥258,596 million; (¥258,596 million ÷ 1,811,428,430) = ¥142.76.
Note that the ¥142.76 easily exceeds the par value of ¥47.5.
3. The large difference between the original issuance price of ¥142.76 and the market price
of ¥3,000 at the end of fiscal 2011 is typical for many successful companies. This
phenomenon is usually caused by increased investment attractiveness based on a record
of profitable operations over many years.
1-50 (10 min.)
There are two popular sets of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the
world—IFRS set by the International Accounting Standards Board, and U.S. GAAP set by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board. In 2005 the European Union adopted IFRS to be used by
all companies in its member nations. Thus, Carrefour, a French company, must issue financial
statements that comply with IFRS. Its auditors will examine its financial statements to ensure
compliance with IFRS and must confirm this in the audit opinion. Although not mentioned in
the chapter, the phrase “as adopted by the European Union” is also significant. Countries that
adopt IFRS may not accept 100% of its standards, and the European Union makes a few
adjustments to the standards.
In contrast, companies based in the United States, such as Safeway, must use U.S.
GAAP, not IFRS. Thus, Safeway’s audit opinion clearly states that its statements comply with
U. S. GAAP.
Both companies use Deloitte & Touche LLP as an auditor, but the auditor must apply
different standards when auditing Carrefour than when auditing Safeway.
1-48 (5-10 min.)
The common stock line should show (2,442,676,580 × $.75) = $1,832 million; note that
balance sheet amounts are rounded to the nearest million. The total price per share paid by the
original investors for the Chevron common stock was ($15,110 million + $1,832 million) =
$16,942 million; the average price per share was ($16,942 million ÷ 2,442,676,580) = $6.94.
Note that the par value is small, $.75, as compared to $6.94.
The relatively large difference between the original issuance price ($6.94) and the current
market price (nearly $100 in early 2012) is quite typical of many large successful companies.
This is usually caused by increased investment attractiveness based on a record of profitable
operations over many years.
1-49 (5-10 min.)
1. The par value of Honda’s shares is (¥86,067,000,000 ÷ 1,811,428,430) = ¥47.5.
2. The average price per share paid by the original investors was ¥142.76: (¥86,067 million
+ ¥172,529 million) = ¥258,596 million; (¥258,596 million ÷ 1,811,428,430) = ¥142.76.
Note that the ¥142.76 easily exceeds the par value of ¥47.5.
3. The large difference between the original issuance price of ¥142.76 and the market price
of ¥3,000 at the end of fiscal 2011 is typical for many successful companies. This
phenomenon is usually caused by increased investment attractiveness based on a record
of profitable operations over many years.
1-50 (10 min.)
There are two popular sets of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the
world—IFRS set by the International Accounting Standards Board, and U.S. GAAP set by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board. In 2005 the European Union adopted IFRS to be used by
all companies in its member nations. Thus, Carrefour, a French company, must issue financial
statements that comply with IFRS. Its auditors will examine its financial statements to ensure
compliance with IFRS and must confirm this in the audit opinion. Although not mentioned in
the chapter, the phrase “as adopted by the European Union” is also significant. Countries that
adopt IFRS may not accept 100% of its standards, and the European Union makes a few
adjustments to the standards.
In contrast, companies based in the United States, such as Safeway, must use U.S.
GAAP, not IFRS. Thus, Safeway’s audit opinion clearly states that its statements comply with
U. S. GAAP.
Both companies use Deloitte & Touche LLP as an auditor, but the auditor must apply
different standards when auditing Carrefour than when auditing Safeway.
Loading page 23...
23
1-51 (15-20 min.)
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: You may want to assign a more recent annual report, and the
composition on the board may have changed. However, the general mix of backgrounds of the
board members is unlikely to change.
1. The board of directors of General Mills has 13 members, of which only one is a General
Mills executive—Kendall J. Powell, the CEO and chairman of the board.
2. Of the 12 independent directors, 9 are either current or retired executives of other
companies, one is an attorney, one is a venture capitalist, and one is an academic (dean of
Dartmouth’s Tuck School). However, two retired executives and the attorney are
currently academics, also. The board should have sufficient independent directors to
avoid too much management influence and should have extensive and varied experiences
to bring to the board discussions.
3. There are five members of the audit committee. None are General Mills executives; they
are all independent directors. The attorney chairs the audit committee. The audit
committee was given extensive power by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It is charged with
responsibility for overseeing the financial reporting of the company, a task that is
extremely important to shareholders, who rely on the financial reports for important
information.
1-51 (15-20 min.)
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: You may want to assign a more recent annual report, and the
composition on the board may have changed. However, the general mix of backgrounds of the
board members is unlikely to change.
1. The board of directors of General Mills has 13 members, of which only one is a General
Mills executive—Kendall J. Powell, the CEO and chairman of the board.
2. Of the 12 independent directors, 9 are either current or retired executives of other
companies, one is an attorney, one is a venture capitalist, and one is an academic (dean of
Dartmouth’s Tuck School). However, two retired executives and the attorney are
currently academics, also. The board should have sufficient independent directors to
avoid too much management influence and should have extensive and varied experiences
to bring to the board discussions.
3. There are five members of the audit committee. None are General Mills executives; they
are all independent directors. The attorney chairs the audit committee. The audit
committee was given extensive power by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It is charged with
responsibility for overseeing the financial reporting of the company, a task that is
extremely important to shareholders, who rely on the financial reports for important
information.
Loading page 24...
24
1-52 (10 min)
Credibility of accounting reports is essential. Decision makers both within and outside of
an organization rely on accounting reports for important decisions. For accounting reports to
have credibility, users must have confidence in both the preparers and the auditors of those
reports.
Internal accountants have access to much sensitive data, and they have access
to information across an entire organization. They need to be trusted to keep certain types of
information confidential as well as to report fully and accurately to managers who need
information for their decisions. Because of their access to so much information, accountants also
often act as the conscience of an organization, identifying areas where managers may
intentionally or unintentionally be misusing organizational resources. This is a large
responsibility, and it requires the trust of managers throughout the organization.
External audits have value because they add credibility to the financial statements.
Management prepares the financial statements and may be prone to overstate operating results
either because of natural optimism or because their reputation or compensation is linked to
operating performance. If investors and other users of financial statement do not have faith in
the competence, fairness, and objectivity of the auditors, audits will have little value. Therefore,
developing and maintaining high ethical standards is a hallmark of the auditing profession.
Not only are individual accountants cognizant of the need to develop and maintain a
reputation for ethical behavior, but they recognize the need to be collectively regarded as highly
ethical. Any breach of ethical conduct by one accountant has spillover effects on others. It is
important to all accountants that the profession of accounting be regarded as highly ethical.
Therefore, professional accounting organizations have developed standards of ethical conduct.
Certification examinations, such as the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified
Management Accountant (CMA) exams, test applicants’ knowledge of ethical standards, and the
associations enforce compliance to ethical standards by penalizing those who violate the
standards. In this way the public can be reasonably assured that when they deal with a certified
accountant he or she will be familiar with ethical standards and will have been in compliance
with them.
1-53 (60 or more min.)
The purpose of this exercise is to learn how to find a company’s balance sheet, to pick
out significant items on it, and to understand how basic transactions affect the balance sheet.
Each student will become an “expert” on one or two types of transactions and will be required to
explain the accounting for that transaction to the rest of the group. Requirement 2 is a test of
how well the “experts” explained the effects of their transactions. The hypothetical transactions
are chosen so that only the selected accounts are affected.
1-52 (10 min)
Credibility of accounting reports is essential. Decision makers both within and outside of
an organization rely on accounting reports for important decisions. For accounting reports to
have credibility, users must have confidence in both the preparers and the auditors of those
reports.
Internal accountants have access to much sensitive data, and they have access
to information across an entire organization. They need to be trusted to keep certain types of
information confidential as well as to report fully and accurately to managers who need
information for their decisions. Because of their access to so much information, accountants also
often act as the conscience of an organization, identifying areas where managers may
intentionally or unintentionally be misusing organizational resources. This is a large
responsibility, and it requires the trust of managers throughout the organization.
External audits have value because they add credibility to the financial statements.
Management prepares the financial statements and may be prone to overstate operating results
either because of natural optimism or because their reputation or compensation is linked to
operating performance. If investors and other users of financial statement do not have faith in
the competence, fairness, and objectivity of the auditors, audits will have little value. Therefore,
developing and maintaining high ethical standards is a hallmark of the auditing profession.
Not only are individual accountants cognizant of the need to develop and maintain a
reputation for ethical behavior, but they recognize the need to be collectively regarded as highly
ethical. Any breach of ethical conduct by one accountant has spillover effects on others. It is
important to all accountants that the profession of accounting be regarded as highly ethical.
Therefore, professional accounting organizations have developed standards of ethical conduct.
Certification examinations, such as the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified
Management Accountant (CMA) exams, test applicants’ knowledge of ethical standards, and the
associations enforce compliance to ethical standards by penalizing those who violate the
standards. In this way the public can be reasonably assured that when they deal with a certified
accountant he or she will be familiar with ethical standards and will have been in compliance
with them.
1-53 (60 or more min.)
The purpose of this exercise is to learn how to find a company’s balance sheet, to pick
out significant items on it, and to understand how basic transactions affect the balance sheet.
Each student will become an “expert” on one or two types of transactions and will be required to
explain the accounting for that transaction to the rest of the group. Requirement 2 is a test of
how well the “experts” explained the effects of their transactions. The hypothetical transactions
are chosen so that only the selected accounts are affected.
Loading page 25...
25
1-54 (15-30 min.)
Each solution is unique and will change each year. The purpose of this problem is for
students to recognize the format of a balance sheet and to see how it relates to the balance sheet
equation.
1-55 (10-15 min.) NOTE: This solution is based on Starbucks’ 2011 financial statement. If a
more recent annual report is used, the numbers will change.
Dollar amounts are in millions.
1. Cash = $1,148.1
2. Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,148.1
Inventories 965.8
Property, plant, and equipment * 2,355.0
Accounts payable 540.0
Common stock .7
Additional paid-in capital** 1.1
Other additional paid-in capital** 39.4
* This was called store equipment in the chapter.
** The reason additional paid-in capital is separated into 2 parts is beyond our scope at this time.
3. Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$7,360.4 = $2,973.1 + $4,387.3
1-54 (15-30 min.)
Each solution is unique and will change each year. The purpose of this problem is for
students to recognize the format of a balance sheet and to see how it relates to the balance sheet
equation.
1-55 (10-15 min.) NOTE: This solution is based on Starbucks’ 2011 financial statement. If a
more recent annual report is used, the numbers will change.
Dollar amounts are in millions.
1. Cash = $1,148.1
2. Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,148.1
Inventories 965.8
Property, plant, and equipment * 2,355.0
Accounts payable 540.0
Common stock .7
Additional paid-in capital** 1.1
Other additional paid-in capital** 39.4
* This was called store equipment in the chapter.
** The reason additional paid-in capital is separated into 2 parts is beyond our scope at this time.
3. Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$7,360.4 = $2,973.1 + $4,387.3
Loading page 26...
26
1-56 (30-60 min.)
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: This solution is based on the web site as it was in 2012 and the
financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2011. Be sure to examine the current web site
before assigning this problem, as the information there may have changed.
1. Despite the recession, the letter is very optimistic and future oriented. It indicates that
“Fiscal 2011 was one of the most transformative years we have seen at Cisco. We
prioritized, simplified, and took action to drive Cisco’s continued market leadership. We
aggressively changed the way we do business to become a faster and more agile partner,
with the goal continuing to be to increase our ability to deliver unique value to our
shareholders, customers, partners, and employees.”
2. Cisco was founded in 1984. The company designs, manufactures, and sells Internet
Protocol (IP)-based networking and other products related to the communications and
information technology (IT) industry and provides services associated with these
products.
3. Cisco’s total assets at the end of fiscal 2011 were $87,095 million, its total liabilities were
$39,836 million, and total shareholders’ equity was $47,259 million. (The item called
“noncontrolling interest” is part of shareholders’ equity that is held by shareholders other
than those of Cisco. It will be discussed in Chapter 11.)
4. Inventories are $1,486 million, $159 million more than a year ago. Inventory grew 12%
in fiscal 2011, faster than total assets growth of 7%. Although this inventory build-up is
not excessive, when inventories grow faster than assets it may be a sign of trouble.
5. The audit report states: “The Company’s management is responsible for these financial
statements. . . Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements . . .
based on our integrated audits.”
6. Cisco has 12 members of the board of directors. Of these, 2 are part of Cisco’s
management team. There is one academic, the president of Stanford University. The
others are all executives or retired executives with other companies. There are 5
members on the audit committee.
1-56 (30-60 min.)
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: This solution is based on the web site as it was in 2012 and the
financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2011. Be sure to examine the current web site
before assigning this problem, as the information there may have changed.
1. Despite the recession, the letter is very optimistic and future oriented. It indicates that
“Fiscal 2011 was one of the most transformative years we have seen at Cisco. We
prioritized, simplified, and took action to drive Cisco’s continued market leadership. We
aggressively changed the way we do business to become a faster and more agile partner,
with the goal continuing to be to increase our ability to deliver unique value to our
shareholders, customers, partners, and employees.”
2. Cisco was founded in 1984. The company designs, manufactures, and sells Internet
Protocol (IP)-based networking and other products related to the communications and
information technology (IT) industry and provides services associated with these
products.
3. Cisco’s total assets at the end of fiscal 2011 were $87,095 million, its total liabilities were
$39,836 million, and total shareholders’ equity was $47,259 million. (The item called
“noncontrolling interest” is part of shareholders’ equity that is held by shareholders other
than those of Cisco. It will be discussed in Chapter 11.)
4. Inventories are $1,486 million, $159 million more than a year ago. Inventory grew 12%
in fiscal 2011, faster than total assets growth of 7%. Although this inventory build-up is
not excessive, when inventories grow faster than assets it may be a sign of trouble.
5. The audit report states: “The Company’s management is responsible for these financial
statements. . . Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements . . .
based on our integrated audits.”
6. Cisco has 12 members of the board of directors. Of these, 2 are part of Cisco’s
management team. There is one academic, the president of Stanford University. The
others are all executives or retired executives with other companies. There are 5
members on the audit committee.
Loading page 27...
CHAPTER 2
COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
QUESTIONS EXERCISES PROBLEMS OTHER
LO1: Explain how
accountants measure
income.
1,2,3,4,26,27 32, 36 45,49,51 67
LO2: Determine when a
company should record
revenue from a sale.
5,6 31 45,46,49,51,61 67
LO3: Use the concept of
matching to record the
expenses for a period.
7,8,9 34, 36 45,47,48,50,
52,53,54,56
LO4: Prepare an
income statement and
show how it is related to
a balance sheet.
10,11,12 30,35,36,37,38,39,
40,41
45,47,48,50,52,
53,54,55,
56,57,58
65,66,67
LO5: Account for cash
dividends and prepare a
statement of
stockholders’ equity.
13,14,15, 28 33,35, 38,
39,40
54,55,57,58 65,66
LO6: Compute and
explain earnings per
share, price-earnings
ratio, dividend-yield
ratio, and dividend-
payout ratio.
17,18,19,20,29 42,43 59, 60 64,66
LO7: Explain how the
conceptual framework
guides the standard
setting process and how
accounting regulators
trade off relevance and
faithful representation
in setting accounting
standards.
21,22,23 62
LO8: Explain how the
following concepts affect
financial statements:
entity, going concern,
materiality, stable
monetary unit,
periodicity and
reliability.
16,24,25,26 44 63
COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
QUESTIONS EXERCISES PROBLEMS OTHER
LO1: Explain how
accountants measure
income.
1,2,3,4,26,27 32, 36 45,49,51 67
LO2: Determine when a
company should record
revenue from a sale.
5,6 31 45,46,49,51,61 67
LO3: Use the concept of
matching to record the
expenses for a period.
7,8,9 34, 36 45,47,48,50,
52,53,54,56
LO4: Prepare an
income statement and
show how it is related to
a balance sheet.
10,11,12 30,35,36,37,38,39,
40,41
45,47,48,50,52,
53,54,55,
56,57,58
65,66,67
LO5: Account for cash
dividends and prepare a
statement of
stockholders’ equity.
13,14,15, 28 33,35, 38,
39,40
54,55,57,58 65,66
LO6: Compute and
explain earnings per
share, price-earnings
ratio, dividend-yield
ratio, and dividend-
payout ratio.
17,18,19,20,29 42,43 59, 60 64,66
LO7: Explain how the
conceptual framework
guides the standard
setting process and how
accounting regulators
trade off relevance and
faithful representation
in setting accounting
standards.
21,22,23 62
LO8: Explain how the
following concepts affect
financial statements:
entity, going concern,
materiality, stable
monetary unit,
periodicity and
reliability.
16,24,25,26 44 63
Loading page 28...
CHAPTER 2
2-1 The length of the operating cycle depends on the nature of the company. It is the time it
takes the company to use cash to acquire goods and services, to sell those goods and
services to customers, and to collect cash from the sales.
2-2 A fiscal year is the year used for financial reporting. It may be the same as a calendar
year, but often it is not. Many companies elect to begin and end a fiscal year at the low
point in their annual business activity.
2-3 Expenses are reductions in stockholders’ equity; thus they may be described as negative
stockholders’ equity accounts.
2-4 The cash basis fails to match accomplishments with efforts in a single accounting period.
In particular, the cash basis fails to match revenues and expenses properly. Inventory
may be bought and paid for in one period, and sold in the second with the collection from
customers in a third period. Accrual accounting matches revenue and cost of goods sold
in the second period, although the cash outlay occurred in the first and the collection was
made in the third.
2-5 The two criteria for revenue recognition are earning and realization (realized or
realizable).
2-6 Revenue recognition is delayed when a company sells a magazine subscription because
the company does not recognize revenue until it is earned by delivery of the magazines.
Revenue recognition is also delayed if collection of the account receivable is not
reasonably certain, which means that it is not realized or realizable. This may happen
with speculative land sales.
2-7 Product costs are naturally linked to revenues, while period costs support a company’s
operations for a given period. Product costs become expenses when the company
recognizes the related revenue. Period costs become expenses in the period in which they
are incurred.
2-8 In theory, all expenses are goods and services that were first purchased as assets and that
have now been consumed or used in the conduct of operations.
2-9 Managers acquire assets (goods and services) that are then either used instantaneously or
at a later time. When the assets are used, they become expenses.
2-10 The balance sheet is a financial picture of a company at one point in time, like a snapshot.
In contrast, an income statement shows activity over a period of time. It shows the series
of events that take a company from one “snapshot” (balance sheet) to another, just as a
moving picture shows movement from one position to the next.
2-1 The length of the operating cycle depends on the nature of the company. It is the time it
takes the company to use cash to acquire goods and services, to sell those goods and
services to customers, and to collect cash from the sales.
2-2 A fiscal year is the year used for financial reporting. It may be the same as a calendar
year, but often it is not. Many companies elect to begin and end a fiscal year at the low
point in their annual business activity.
2-3 Expenses are reductions in stockholders’ equity; thus they may be described as negative
stockholders’ equity accounts.
2-4 The cash basis fails to match accomplishments with efforts in a single accounting period.
In particular, the cash basis fails to match revenues and expenses properly. Inventory
may be bought and paid for in one period, and sold in the second with the collection from
customers in a third period. Accrual accounting matches revenue and cost of goods sold
in the second period, although the cash outlay occurred in the first and the collection was
made in the third.
2-5 The two criteria for revenue recognition are earning and realization (realized or
realizable).
2-6 Revenue recognition is delayed when a company sells a magazine subscription because
the company does not recognize revenue until it is earned by delivery of the magazines.
Revenue recognition is also delayed if collection of the account receivable is not
reasonably certain, which means that it is not realized or realizable. This may happen
with speculative land sales.
2-7 Product costs are naturally linked to revenues, while period costs support a company’s
operations for a given period. Product costs become expenses when the company
recognizes the related revenue. Period costs become expenses in the period in which they
are incurred.
2-8 In theory, all expenses are goods and services that were first purchased as assets and that
have now been consumed or used in the conduct of operations.
2-9 Managers acquire assets (goods and services) that are then either used instantaneously or
at a later time. When the assets are used, they become expenses.
2-10 The balance sheet is a financial picture of a company at one point in time, like a snapshot.
In contrast, an income statement shows activity over a period of time. It shows the series
of events that take a company from one “snapshot” (balance sheet) to another, just as a
moving picture shows movement from one position to the next.
Loading page 29...
2-11 Synonyms for the income statement include statement of earnings, statement of
operations, and operating statement. A major reason to learn accounting is to be able to
read real financial statements. Such statements contain a variety of terms that may differ
from the one first leaned in an introductory accounting course. To be able to read and
interpret the financial statements, users need to understand the terminology, including
synonyms used for the major accounting terms.
2-12 Managers are often optimistic and feel that things are bound to get better, so they do not
like to report bad news. In addition, they may have bonuses or possible promotions that
depend on the financial results, so they want the reports to be as good as possible.
Finally, financial reports are often the “scorecard” for business success, and competitive
managers want to report a high score.
2-13 Cash dividends are not necessary in the conduct of revenue-producing operations.
Therefore, they are not expenses but are voluntary distributions of assets to owners.
These distributions are made possible because of profitable operations, but are not part of
the profitable operations.
2-14 Retained earnings is a stockholders’ equity account (a residual claim against assets), and
not an asset account. It is a claim against resources, not a resource itself.
2-15 The statement of stockholders’ equity provides information on what caused the
stockholders’ equity accounts to change during a given period. The three main items that
affect stockholders’ equity are net income, transactions with stockholders (sale of stock,
distribution of dividends), and other comprehensive income—a catch-all category of all
equity changes that are neither part of net income nor arise from transactions with
owners.
2-16 No. An accounting entity can be a part of an organization, such as a division or
department. It can also be an entire economy, such as national income accounting for the
United States or another country.
2-17 No. One financial ratio, earnings per share (EPS), is presented on the income statement.
2-18 A high P-E ratio suggests that investors expect future earnings to significantly exceed
current earnings. This is likely to be true for fast growing companies.
2-19 Two dividend ratios are as follows:
Dividend-yield ratio—The amount of dividends paid per dollar invested in a stock
at the current market price. The dividend-yield ratio is computed as Dividends per
share ÷ Market price per share.
Dividend-payout ratio—The percentage of a company’s earnings that is paid out in
dividends The dividend-payout ratio is computed as Dividends per share ÷ EPS.
operations, and operating statement. A major reason to learn accounting is to be able to
read real financial statements. Such statements contain a variety of terms that may differ
from the one first leaned in an introductory accounting course. To be able to read and
interpret the financial statements, users need to understand the terminology, including
synonyms used for the major accounting terms.
2-12 Managers are often optimistic and feel that things are bound to get better, so they do not
like to report bad news. In addition, they may have bonuses or possible promotions that
depend on the financial results, so they want the reports to be as good as possible.
Finally, financial reports are often the “scorecard” for business success, and competitive
managers want to report a high score.
2-13 Cash dividends are not necessary in the conduct of revenue-producing operations.
Therefore, they are not expenses but are voluntary distributions of assets to owners.
These distributions are made possible because of profitable operations, but are not part of
the profitable operations.
2-14 Retained earnings is a stockholders’ equity account (a residual claim against assets), and
not an asset account. It is a claim against resources, not a resource itself.
2-15 The statement of stockholders’ equity provides information on what caused the
stockholders’ equity accounts to change during a given period. The three main items that
affect stockholders’ equity are net income, transactions with stockholders (sale of stock,
distribution of dividends), and other comprehensive income—a catch-all category of all
equity changes that are neither part of net income nor arise from transactions with
owners.
2-16 No. An accounting entity can be a part of an organization, such as a division or
department. It can also be an entire economy, such as national income accounting for the
United States or another country.
2-17 No. One financial ratio, earnings per share (EPS), is presented on the income statement.
2-18 A high P-E ratio suggests that investors expect future earnings to significantly exceed
current earnings. This is likely to be true for fast growing companies.
2-19 Two dividend ratios are as follows:
Dividend-yield ratio—The amount of dividends paid per dollar invested in a stock
at the current market price. The dividend-yield ratio is computed as Dividends per
share ÷ Market price per share.
Dividend-payout ratio—The percentage of a company’s earnings that is paid out in
dividends The dividend-payout ratio is computed as Dividends per share ÷ EPS.
Loading page 30...
2-20 No. A high dividend-payout ratio may be a bad sign. Companies with a high dividend-
payout ratio tend to be slow-growing companies. They return a larger percentage of their
income to shareholders because they do not have profitable opportunities in which to
invest.
2-21 Yes, accountants make many trade-offs between relevance and faithful representation.
Although both are desirable characteristics, sometimes it is necessary to sacrifice some
of one to gain much of the other. A major trade-off is between market values, which are
often more relevant but may raise questions about faithful representation, and historical
costs, which faithfully represent an event but may be less relevant.
2-22 The two main characteristics that make accounting information relevant are predictive
value—meaning that it helps users form their expectations about the future—and
confirmatory value—meaning that it can confirm or contradict existing expectations.
2-23 These criteria support faithful representation. They help ensure that information truly
captures the economic substance of the transactions, events, or circumstances it
describes.
2-24 Reliable data require convincing evidence that can be verified by independent auditors.
Accountants must make sure that data reported in the financial statements can be
measured with enough accuracy to be useful to users of the statements.
2-25 Materiality means that items that are not large enough to influence users’ decisions can
be omitted from the financial statements. Thus, you do not find pencils or paper clips
listed separately among a company’s assets. Cost-benefit means, for example, that if the
cost of measuring an item is greater than the value from knowing it, the item can be
omitted. Thus, the financial statements of a division of a company may not include an
expense for any portion of the company president’s salary, even though the president
spends time overseeing the division’s activities. It would simply be too costly for the
president to account for each minute spent on each different activity he or she undertakes,
and there is little benefit to attempting to allocate the president’s salary to individual
divisions. However, in the corporate financial statements, the president’s salary would be
treated as an operating cost assigned to the corporation as a whole.
2-26 A year is a long time to wait for new information about a company’s performance.
Preparing full financial statements is time consuming and costly. Quarterly financial
disclosures are less complete than annual ones, but they represent a balanced answer to
how often and how complete information should be. Within companies, managers get
financial reports daily, weekly, or monthly depending on their needs. In different
countries the tradition and the identity of investors have led to different customs. The
United States relies on public ownership of companies and needs a system to keep large
numbers of investors adequately informed. In countries where more of the ownership is
closely held and more of the liabilities are bank financed, there is less need for frequent
public disclosure.
payout ratio tend to be slow-growing companies. They return a larger percentage of their
income to shareholders because they do not have profitable opportunities in which to
invest.
2-21 Yes, accountants make many trade-offs between relevance and faithful representation.
Although both are desirable characteristics, sometimes it is necessary to sacrifice some
of one to gain much of the other. A major trade-off is between market values, which are
often more relevant but may raise questions about faithful representation, and historical
costs, which faithfully represent an event but may be less relevant.
2-22 The two main characteristics that make accounting information relevant are predictive
value—meaning that it helps users form their expectations about the future—and
confirmatory value—meaning that it can confirm or contradict existing expectations.
2-23 These criteria support faithful representation. They help ensure that information truly
captures the economic substance of the transactions, events, or circumstances it
describes.
2-24 Reliable data require convincing evidence that can be verified by independent auditors.
Accountants must make sure that data reported in the financial statements can be
measured with enough accuracy to be useful to users of the statements.
2-25 Materiality means that items that are not large enough to influence users’ decisions can
be omitted from the financial statements. Thus, you do not find pencils or paper clips
listed separately among a company’s assets. Cost-benefit means, for example, that if the
cost of measuring an item is greater than the value from knowing it, the item can be
omitted. Thus, the financial statements of a division of a company may not include an
expense for any portion of the company president’s salary, even though the president
spends time overseeing the division’s activities. It would simply be too costly for the
president to account for each minute spent on each different activity he or she undertakes,
and there is little benefit to attempting to allocate the president’s salary to individual
divisions. However, in the corporate financial statements, the president’s salary would be
treated as an operating cost assigned to the corporation as a whole.
2-26 A year is a long time to wait for new information about a company’s performance.
Preparing full financial statements is time consuming and costly. Quarterly financial
disclosures are less complete than annual ones, but they represent a balanced answer to
how often and how complete information should be. Within companies, managers get
financial reports daily, weekly, or monthly depending on their needs. In different
countries the tradition and the identity of investors have led to different customs. The
United States relies on public ownership of companies and needs a system to keep large
numbers of investors adequately informed. In countries where more of the ownership is
closely held and more of the liabilities are bank financed, there is less need for frequent
public disclosure.
Loading page 31...
30 more pages available. Scroll down to load them.
Preview Mode
Sign in to access the full document!
100%
Study Now!
XY-Copilot AI
Unlimited Access
Secure Payment
Instant Access
24/7 Support
AI Assistant
Document Details
Subject
Accounting