LPI Linux Essentials Study Guide: Exam 010 v1.6, 3rd Edition (2020)

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LPILinux EssentialsStudy GuideThird EditionChristine BresnahanRichard Blum

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Copyright © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished simultaneously in CanadaISBN: 978-1-119-65769-9ISBN: 978-1-119-65770-5 (ebk.)ISBN: 978-1-119-65771-2 (ebk.)Manufactured in the United States of AmericaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning orotherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization throughpayment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 RosewoodDrive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisherfor permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make norepresentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents ofthis work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties offitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales orpromotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable forevery situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged inrendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance isrequired, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither thepublisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that anorganization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source offurther information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the informationthe organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readersshould be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappearedbetween when this work was written and when it is read.For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support,please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) 762-2974, outside theU.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Somematerial included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books orin print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included inthe version you purchased, you may download this material athttp://booksupport.wiley.com.For more information about Wiley products, visitwww.wiley.com.Library of Congress Control Number:2019955498TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registeredtrademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and othercountries, and may not be used without written permission. Linux is a registered trademark ofLinus Torvalds. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley& Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

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Dedicated to the loving memory of Kevin E. Ryan, our longtimetechnical editor and friend. Kevin's gentle correction and guidancehelped make our work better. His contributions will be missed.“As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another.” Proverbs27:17 (NIV)

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AcknowledgmentsFirst, all glory and praise go to God, who through His Son, JesusChrist, makes all things possible, and gives us the gift of eternal life.Many thanks go to the fantastic team of people at Sybex for theiroutstanding work on this project. Thanks to Devon Lewis, theacquisitions editor, for offering us the opportunity to work on thisbook. Also thanks to Stephanie Barton, the development editor, forkeeping things on track and making the book more presentable.Thanks, Steph, for all your hard work and diligence. The technicaleditor, Jason Eckert, did a wonderful job of double-checking all thework in the book in addition to making suggestions to improve thecontent. We would also like to thank Carole Jelen at WatersideProductions, Inc., for arranging this opportunity for us and for helpingus out in our writing careers.Christine would particularly like to thank her husband, Timothy, forhis encouragement, patience, and willingness to listen, even when hehas no idea what she is talking about.Rich would particularly like to thank his wife, Barbara, for enduringhis grouchy attitude during this project and helping to keep up hisspirits with baked goods.

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About the AuthorsChristine Bresnahanstarted working with computers more than 30years ago in the IT industry as a systems administrator. Christine is anadjunct professor at Ivy Tech Community College, where she teachesLinux certification and Python programming classes. She also writesbooks and produces instructional resources for the classroom.Richard Blumhas also worked in the IT industry for more than 30years as both a system and network administrator, and he haspublished numerous Linux and open source books. Rich is an onlineinstructor for Linux and web programming courses that are used bycolleges and universities across the United States. When he is notbeing a computer nerd, Rich enjoys spending time with his wife,Barbara, and his two daughters, Katie and Jessica.

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CONTENTSCoverAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorsIntroductionAssessment TestAnswers to Assessment TestChapter 1 Selecting an Operating SystemWhat Is an OS?Investigating User InterfacesWhere Does Linux Fit in the OS World?What Is a Distribution?Embedded Linux SystemsLinux in the CloudSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 2 Understanding Software LicensingInvestigating Software LicensesLooking at the Free Software FoundationLooking at the Open Source InitiativeLooking at the Creative CommonsUsing Open Source LicensesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 3 Investigating Linux’s Principles and PhilosophyLinux Through the Ages

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Using Open Source SoftwareUnderstanding OS RolesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 4 Using Common Linux ProgramsUsing a Linux Desktop EnvironmentWorking with Productivity SoftwareUsing Server ProgramsManaging Programming LanguagesHandling Software PackagesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 5 Getting to Know the Command LineStarting a Command LineRunning ProgramsUsing Shell FeaturesGetting Help Using Man PagesReview QuestionsChapter 6 Managing HardwareLearning About Your CPUIdentifying Motherboard CapabilitiesSizing Your Power SupplyUnderstanding Disk IssuesManaging DisplaysHandling USB DevicesManaging DriversSummary

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Exam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 7 Managing FilesUnderstanding Where Things GoExploring Files and DirectoriesManipulating FilesManipulating DirectoriesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 8 Searching, Extracting, and Archiving DataUsing Regular ExpressionsSearching For and Extracting DataRedirecting Input and OutputArchiving DataSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 9 Exploring Processes and Process DataUnderstanding Package ManagementUnderstanding the Process HierarchyIdentifying Running ProcessesUsing Log FilesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 10 Editing FilesUnderstanding the Role of Text FilesChoosing an Editor

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Editing Files withnanoEditing Files withviSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 11 Creating ScriptsBeginning a Shell ScriptUsing CommandsUsing ArgumentsUsing VariablesUsing Conditional ExpressionsUsing LoopsUsing FunctionsSetting the Script’s Exit ValueSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 12 Understanding Basic SecurityUnderstanding AccountsUsing Account ToolsWorking asrootSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 13 Creating Users and GroupsCreating New AccountsModifying AccountsDeleting AccountsManaging Groups

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SummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 14 Setting Ownership and PermissionsSetting OwnershipSetting PermissionsUsing Special Permission Bits and File FeaturesSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsChapter 15 Managing Network ConnectionsConfiguring Network FeaturesBasic Network TroubleshootingAdvanced Network TroubleshootingSummaryExam EssentialsReview QuestionsAppendix A Answers to Review QuestionsChapter 1: Selecting an Operating SystemChapter 2: Understanding Software LicensingChapter 3: Investigating Linux’s Principles and PhilosophyChapter 4: Using Common Linux ProgramsChapter 5: Getting to Know the Command LineChapter 6: Managing HardwareChapter 7: Managing FilesChapter 8: Searching, Extracting, and Archiving DataChapter 9: Exploring Processes and Process DataChapter 10: Editing FilesChapter 11: Creating Scripts

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Chapter 12: Understanding Basic SecurityChapter 13: Creating Users and GroupsChapter 14: Setting Ownership and PermissionsChapter 15: Managing Network ConnectionsAppendix B Setting Up a Linux EnvironmentIndexEnd User License AgreementList of TablesChapter 1Table 1.1Chapter 4Table 4.1Chapter 5Table 5.1Table 5.2Table 5.3Table 5.4Table 5.5Chapter 7Table 7.1Table 7.2Table 7.3Table 7.4Chapter 8Table 8.1Table 8.2

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Table 8.3Table 8.4Table 8.5Table 8.6Table 8.7Table 8.8Table 8.9Table 8.10Table 8.11Chapter 9Table 9.1Table 9.2Chapter 12Table 12.1Chapter 13Table 13.1Table 13.2Table 13.3Chapter 14Table 14.1Table 14.2Table 14.3Chapter 15Table 15.1List of Illustrations

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Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Some text-mode programs take over the entiredisplay.Figure 1.2 Graphical login screens on Linux are similar tothose for Windows or macOS.Figure 1.3 Linux desktop environments provide the types ofGUI controls that most users ex...Figure 1.4 Cloud computing methodsFigure 1.5 The IaaS cloud modelFigure 1.6 The PaaS cloud modelFigure 1.7 The SaaS cloud modelChapter 4Figure 4.1 A typical Linux desktop login screen where youchoose the user accountFigure 4.2 GUI login managers usually provide a selection ofdesktop environments from whi...Figure 4.3 With panels you can launch popular programs inGNOME and some other desktop env...Figure 4.4 Cinnamon’s desktop interface provides launchmethods similar to those available...Figure 4.5 GNOME Files provides a view of your files similarto that in other OSs’ file ma...Figure 4.6 You can star folders to enable quick access todirectories that interest you.Figure 4.7 GNOME Files lets you associate document typeswith applications.Chapter 5Figure 5.1Reaching a terminal via a menu on CinnamonFigure 5.2Reaching a terminal via a search on GNOME

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Figure 5.3GNOME’s Terminal program is typical and isdominated by a textual display are...Figure 5.4Reaching and logging into a VTFigure 5.5Launching Firefox in the background to allow useof both the web browser and ...Figure 5.6The formatting of man pages helps you locateinformation quickly.Chapter 6Figure 6.1Disk partitions are often visualized as boxeswithin a hard disk.Figure 6.2GParted, like other GUI disk partitioning tools,provides a graphical represe...Figure 6.3Linux file managers enable you to unmountremovable media.Figure 6.4Most desktop environments provide GUI tools tohelp you set your display’s re...Chapter 7Figure 7.1 In Linux, all files are referred to relative to a singleroot (/) directory.Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Sorting a numeric data listFigure 8.2 Usingcatto display and concatenate filesFigure 8.3 Creating an archive tarballChapter 9Figure 9.1 Most Linux distributions tell you when updates areavailable for your software....Figure 9.2 Synaptic enables you to search for, select, install,and uninstall software on ...Figure 9.3 Linux processes are arranged in a hierarchical

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tree.Figure 9.4 Thetopcommand shows system summaryinformation and information about the mo...Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Thenanoeditor enables you to edit a text file intext mode.Figure 10.2 Thenanoeditor launched with no filenameprovided.Figure 10.3 The last line of avidisplay is a status line thatshows messages from the p...Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Locating the Users and Groups account tool onLinux MintFigure 12.2 The Users and Groups account tool providesminimal account information.Figure 12.3 Administrative tools in the GUI ask for apassword when administrator privilege...Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The Linux Mint User and Groups Administrationutility provides many options for...Figure 13.2 You can enter all the basic account informationusing this dialog.Figure 13.3 Set the user account’s password using the ChangePassword dialog.Figure 13.4 The User and Groups Administration utilityenables you to edit a few account pr...Figure 13.5 The Users utility enables users to change theirown passwords.Figure 13.6 When you delete an account with a GUI utility,you are typically asked to confi...

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Figure 13.7 The User and Groups Administration utilityenables you to manage groups as well...Figure 13.8 You can add users to a group after creating thegroup.Chapter 14Figure 14.1Linux file managers give you access to the file’sownership and permission me...Figure 14.2A symbolic representation of file permissions isbroken into four parts.Chapter 15Figure 15.1:Network Manager showing a wireless networkconnectionFigure 15.2:The Network Connections dialogFigure 15.3:The Network Managernmtuicommand-line tool

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IntroductionThis book you hold in your hands provides a solid introduction to theLinux operating system. As its title suggests, it will give you theessential knowledge to begin using and managing this powerfuloperating system (OS), which is an important one in today’scomputing world.The Linux Professional Institute, or LPI (lpi.org), offers a series ofLinux certifications. These certifications aim to provide proof of skilllevels for employers; if you’ve passed a particular certification, youshould be competent to perform certain tasks on Linux computers.The LPI exams include Linux Essentials, LPIC-1, LPIC-2, and theLPIC-3 series. As the name implies, the Linux Essentials exam is thelowest level of the four exams, covering the most basic tasks of usingand administering a Linux computer.The purpose of this book is to help you pass the Linux Essentialsexam, updated in 2019 to version 1.6. The Linux Essentials exam ismeant to certify that you:Understand the open source industryHave knowledge of the most popular open source applicationsUnderstand the major components of LinuxCan work at the Linux command lineHave basic knowledge of security and administration-relatedconceptsKnow where to go for helpWhy Become Linux Certified?With the growing popularity of Linux (and the increase in Linux-related jobs) comes hype. With all the hype that surrounds Linux it’sbecome hard for employers to distinguish between employees who are

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competent Linux users and those who just know the buzzwords. Thisis where the Linux Essentials certification comes in.With a Linux Essentials certification, you will establish yourself as aLinux user who is familiar with the Linux platform and its applicationsand who can use any type of Linux system. LPI has created the LinuxEssentials exams as a way for employers to have confidence inknowing their employees who pass the exam will have the skillsnecessary to get the job done.How to Become CertifiedThe certification is available to anyone who passes the LPI LinuxEssentials required exam. The current version of the exam is version1.6 and is denoted as 010-160.The exam is administered by Pearson VUE. The exam can be taken atany Pearson VUE testing center. If you pass, you will get a certificatein the mail saying that you have passed.To register for the exam with Pearson VUE register onlineathome.pearsonvue.com. You’ll have to provide your name, mailingaddress, phone number, employer, when and where you want totake the test (which testing center), and your credit card number(arrangement for payment must be made at the time ofregistration).Who Should Buy This BookYou may have been assigned this book for a class that you’re taking,but if not, it can still have value for self-study or as a supplement toother resources. If you’re new to Linux, this book covers the materialthat you will need to learn the OS from the beginning. You can pick upthis book and learn from it even if you’ve never used Linux before. Ifyou’re already familiar with Linux, you’ll have a leg up on many of thetopics described in these pages.

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This book is written with the assumption that you know at least a littleabout computers generally, such as how to use a keyboard, how toinsert a disc into an optical drive, and so on. Chances are that you haveused computers in a substantial way in the past—perhaps even Linux,as an ordinary user—or maybe you have used Windows or macOS. Wedonotassume that you have knowledge of how to use a Linux system.It will also help to have a Linux system available to follow along with.Each chapter contains a simple exercise that will walk you through thebasic concepts presented in the chapter. This provides the crucialhands-on experience that you’ll need, both to pass the exam and to dowell in the Linux world.Although the LPI Linux Essentials exam is Linuxdistribution neutral, it’s impossible to write exercises that work inall Linux distributions. That said, the exercises in this book assumeyou have a learning environment similar to the one described inAppendix B “Setting up a Linux Environment.”

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How This Book Is OrganizedThis book consists of 15 chapters, two appendixes, plus thisintroduction and the assessment test after the introduction. Thechapters are organized as follows:Chapter 1, “Selecting an Operating System,” provides a birds-eyeview of the world of operating systems. The chapter will help youunderstand exactly what Linux is and the situations in which youmight want to use it.Chapter 2, “Understanding Software Licensing,” describescopyright law and the licenses that both Linux and non-Linux OSsuse to expand or restrict users’ rights to use and copy software.Chapter 3, “Investigating Linux’s Principles and Philosophy,”covers Linux’s history and the ways in which Linux, and otherOSs, are commonly used.Chapter 4, “Using Common Linux Programs,” looks at the majorcategories of Linux software, and it provides pointers to some ofthe most popular Linux programs.Chapter 5, “Getting to Know the Command Line,” tackles usingtyped commands to control Linux. Although many new users findthis topic intimidating, command-line control of Linux isimportant.Chapter 6, “Managing Hardware,” provides advice on how toselect and use hardware in Linux. Specific topics range from thecentral processing unit (CPU) to device drivers.Chapter 7, “Managing Files,” describes how to move, rename,delete, and edit files. Directories are just a special type of file, sothey are covered here as well.Chapter 8, “Searching, Extracting, and Archiving Data,”summarizes the tools that you can use to find data on yourcomputer, as well as how you can manipulate data archive files fordata transport and backup purposes.

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Chapter 9, “Exploring Processes and Process Data,” describes howto install programs in Linux and how to adjust the priority ofrunning programs or terminate selected programs.Chapter 10, “Editing Files,” introduces the topic of editing textfiles. This includes the basic features of thenanoandvitext-modetext editors, as well as some common configuration file andformatted text file conventions.Chapter 11, “Creating Scripts,” describes how to create simplescripts, which are programs that can run other programs. You canuse scripts to help automate otherwise tedious manual tasks, thusimproving your productivity.Chapter 12, “Understanding Basic Security,” introduces theconcepts that are critical to understanding Linux’s multiusernature. It also covers super user privileges, which Linux uses formost administrative tasks.Chapter 13, “Creating Users and Groups,” covers the software andprocedures you use to create, modify, and delete accounts andgroups, which define who may use the computer.Chapter 14, “Setting Ownership and Permissions,” describes howto control which users may access files and in what ways they maydo so. In conjunction with users and groups, ownership andpermissions control your computer’s security.Chapter 15, “Managing Network Connections,” covers the criticaltopic of telling Linux how to use a network, including testing theconnection and some basic network security measures.Each chapter begins with a list of the exam objectives that are coveredin that chapter. The book doesn’t cover the objectives in order. Thus,you shouldn’t be alarmed at some of the odd ordering of the objectiveswithin the book. At the end of each chapter, you’ll find a couple ofelements you can use to prepare for the exam:Exam EssentialsThis section summarizes important informationthat was covered in the chapter. You should be able to perform each ofthe tasks or convey the information requested.

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Review QuestionsEach chapter concludes with 10 reviewquestions. You should answer these questions and check your answersagainst the ones provided in Appendix A. If you can’t answer at least80 percent of these questions correctly, go back and review thechapter, or at least those sections that seem to be giving you difficulty.The review questions, assessment test, and other testingelements included in this book arenotderived from the actualexam questions, so don’t memorize the answers to these questionsand assume that doing so will enable you to pass the exam. Youshould learn the underlying topic, as described in the text of thebook. This will let you answer the questions provided with thisbookandpass the exam. Learning the underlying topic is also theapproach that will serve you best in the workplace—the ultimategoal of a certification.To get the most out of this book, you should read each chapter fromstart to finish and then check your memory and understanding withthe chapter-end elements. Even if you’re already familiar with a topic,you should skim the chapter; Linux is complex enough that there areoften multiple ways to accomplish a task, so you may learn somethingeven if you’re already competent in an area.Additional Study ToolsReaders of this book can access a website that contains severaladditional study tools, including the following:Readers can access these tools by visitingwiley.com/go/sybextestprep.Sample TestsAll the questions in this book are there, including theassessment test at the end of this introduction and the questions fromthe review sections at the end of each chapter. In addition, there aretwo bonus exams.

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Electronic FlashcardsThe additional study tools include questionsin flashcard format (a question followed by a single correct answer).You can use these flashcards to review your knowledge of the examobjectives.Glossary of Terms as a PDF FileIn addition, there is a searchableglossary in PDF format, which can be read on all platforms thatsupport PDF.Conventions Used in This BookThis book uses certain typographic styles in order to help you quicklyidentify important information and to avoid confusion over themeaning of words such as onscreen prompts. In particular, look forthe following styles:Italicized textindicates key terms that are described at length forthe first time in a chapter. (Italics are also used for emphasis.)A monospaced fontindicates the contents of configuration files,messages displayed at a text-mode Linux shell prompt, filenames,text-mode command names, and Internet URLs.Italicized monospaced textindicates a variable—informationthat differs from one system or command run to another, such asthe name of a client computer or a process ID number.Bold monospaced textis information that you’re to type into thecomputer, usually at a Linux shell prompt. This text can also beitalicized to indicate that you should substitute an appropriatevalue for your system. (When isolated on their own lines,commands are preceded by non-bold monospaced$or#command prompts, denoting regular user or systemadministrator use, respectively.)In addition to these text conventions, which can apply to individualwords or entire paragraphs, a few conventions highlight segments oftext:

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A note indicates information that’s useful or interestingbut that’s somewhat peripheral to the main text. A note might berelevant to a small number of networks, for instance, or it mayrefer to an outdated feature.A tip provides information that can save you time orfrustration and that may not be entirely obvious. A tip mightdescribe how to get around a limitation or how to use a feature toperform an unusual task.Warnings describe potential pitfalls or dangers. If you failto heed a warning, you may end up spending a lot of timerecovering from a bug, or you may even end up restoring yourentire system from scratch.ExerciseAn exercise is a procedure you should try on your own computer tohelp you learn about the material in the chapter. Don’t limityourself to the procedures described in the exercises, though! Tryother commands and procedures to really learn about Linux.

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A real-world scenario is a type of sidebar that describes a task orexample that’s particularly grounded in the real world. This may bea situation I or somebody I know has encountered, or it may beadvice on how to work around problems that are common in real,working Linux environments.The Exam ObjectivesBehind every computer industry exam you can be sure to find examobjectives—the broad topics in which exam developers want to ensureyour competency. The official exam objectives are listed here. (They’realso printed at the start of the chapters in which they’re covered.)Exam objectives are subject to change at any time withoutprior notice and at LPI’s sole discretion. Please visit LPI’s website(lpi.org) for the most current listing of exam objectives.Exam 010-160 ObjectivesThe following are the areas in which you must be proficient in order topass the Linux Essentials 010-160 exam. This exam is broken into fivemain topics, each of which has three to eight objectives. Each objectivehas an associated weight, which reflects its importance to the exam asa whole. Refer to the LPI website to view the weights associated witheach objective. The five main topics are as follows:Subject Area1 The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source2 Finding Your Way on a Linux System3 The Power of the Command Line4 The Linux Operating System5 Security and File Permissions

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Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in OpenSource1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems (Chapters 1and 3)Knowledge of Linux development and major distributionsKey knowledge areas:Distributions:Embedded SystemsLinux in the Cloud1.2 Major Open Source Applications (Chapter 4)Awareness of major applications as well as their uses anddevelopmentKey knowledge areas:Desktop applicationsServer applicationsDevelopment languagesPackage management tools and repositories1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing (Chapter 2)Open communities and licensing Open Source Software forbusinessKey knowledge areas:Open source philosophyOpen source licensingFree Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux (Chapters 4 and 5)Basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills

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and working in LinuxKey knowledge areas:Desktop skillsGetting to the command lineIndustry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualizationTopic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System2.1 Command Line Basics (Chapters 5, 7 and 11)Basics of using the Linux command lineKey knowledge areas:Basic shellCommand line syntaxVariablesQuoting2.2 Using the Command Line to Get Help (Chapter 5)Running help commands and navigation of the various helpsystemsKey knowledge areas:Man pagesInfo pages2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files (Chapter 7)Navigation of home and system directories and listing files invarious locationsKey knowledge areas:Files, directoriesHidden files and directories

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Home directoriesAbsolute and relative paths2.4 Creating, Moving, and Deleting Files (Chapter 7)Create, move, and delete files and directories under the homedirectory.Key knowledge areas:Files and directoriesCase sensitivitySimple globbingTopic 3: The Power of the Command Line3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line (Chapter 8)Archiving files in the user home directoryKey knowledge areas:Files, directoriesArchives, compression3.2 Searching and Extracting Data from Files (Chapters 5 and 8)Search and extract data from files in the home directory.Key knowledge areas:Command line pipesI/O redirectionBasic Regular Expressions using.,[ ],*, and?3.3 Turning Commands into a Script (Chapters 10 and 11)Turning repetitive commands into simple scriptsKey knowledge areas:Basic shell scripting

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Awareness of common text editors (viandnano)Topic 4: The Linux Operating System4.1 Choosing an Operating System (Chapter 1)Knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributionsKey knowledge areas:Differences between Windows, OS X, and LinuxDistribution life cycle management4.2 Understanding Computer Hardware (Chapter 6)Familiarity with the components that go into building desktopand server computersKey knowledge areas:Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives,peripheralsHard drives, solid state disks and partitions,/dev/sd*Drivers4.3 Where Data Is Stored (Chapters 7 and 9)Where various types of information are stored on a Linux systemKey knowledge areas:Programs and configurationProcessesMemory addressesSystem messagingLogging4.4 Your Computer on the Network (Chapter 15)Querying vital networking configuration and determining the

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