Solution Manual for Experiments in General Chemistry, 6th Edition

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Solution Manual for Experiments in General Chemistry, 6th Edition offers a comprehensive guide to solving every question in your textbook, helping you master the material.

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GUIDE for
EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Table of Contents
LAB EQUIPMENT and
RECOMMENDED LOCKER EQUIPMENT 1
CHEMICALS REQUIRED 3
Experiment 1 EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 11
Experiment 2 SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
C 17
Experiment 3 MEASUREMENTS AND IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
C 21
Experiment 4 DENSITY, ACCURACY, PRECISION AND GRAPHING
C 25
Experiment 5 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
M 29
Experiment 6 CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 33
Experiment 7 QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION
M 37
Experiment 8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ELECTROLYTES 41
Experiment 9 IONIC REACTIONS 45
Experiment 10 ACTIVITIES OF METALS 51
Experiment 11 QUANTITATIVE SOLUTION CHEMISTRY
M 53
Experiment 12 THERMOCHEMISTRY
C 55
Activity 13 PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS:
AN INTERNET STUDY 59
Experiment 14 SPECTROSCOPY OF COBALT(II) ION
C 63
Activity 15 LEWIS STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR MODELS 65
Experiment 16 MOLECULAR POLARITY AND CHROMATOGRAPHY 71

iv
Experiment 17 GAS LAW STUDIES
C 75
Experiment 18 COOLING CURVES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
C 77
Experiment 19 WATER PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
C 79
Activity 20 ORGANIC MODELS AND ISOMERISM 81
Experiment 21 ACIDS AND BASES: REACTIONS AND STANDARDIZATION
M 85
Experiment 22 ACIDS AND BASES: ANALYSIS
M 89
Experiment 23 ACIDS AND BASES: pH, pK a MEASUREMENTS 91
Experiment 24 EQUILIBRIUM - SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
C 95
Experiment 25 EQUILIBRIUM - DETERMINATION OF Keq 99
Experiment 26 COMPLEXES 103
Experiment 27 RATES AND MECHANISMS OF REACTIONS 113
Experiment 28 SYNTHESIS OF COPPER(II) GLYCINATE
C 117
Experiment 29 STANDARDIZATION OF THIOSULFATE
M 119
Experiment 30 ANALYSIS OF BLEACH AND COPPER(II) GLYCINATE
M 121
Experiment 31 REDOX REACTIONS 123
Experiment 32 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
M 129
Experiment 33 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN
C 131
Experiment 34 POLYMER PROPERTIES AND SELECTION 135
Activity 35 ADDITIONAL CHALLENGES AND EXPERIMENTS 139
Activity 36 GRAPHING OF QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS 143
Appendix SOLUTIONS TO PRELABORATORY PROBLEMS 147
C indicates that a centigram balance will suffice for this experiment.
M indicates that a milligram balance is recommended for this experiment.

1
Guide
Labs should be equipped with:
Aspirators
Balances
Beaker Tongs
Buret Clamps
Burners
Hoods
Hot Plates/Stirrers
Rings
Ring Supports
Test Tube Clamps
Three-Pronged Clamps
Spectronic 20's or alternative
Recommended Locker Equipment:
5 Beakers 100, 150, 250, 400, 600 ml.
1 Clay Triangle
1 Crucible
1 Crucible Cover
1 Crucible Tongs
1 Evaporating Dish
1 Flame Spreader
3 Flasks, Erlenmeyer 125, 250, 500 ml.
1 Flask, Florence 500 ml.
1 Funnel, long stem
2 Graduated Cylinders 10, 50 ml.
1 Medicine Dropper
1 Piece of Rubber Tubing 50 cm.
1 Pinch Clamp
1 Pipet, 10 ml.
6 Test Tubes 13 X 100 mm.
6 Test Tubes 18 X 150 mm.
1 Test Tube Brush
1 Test Tube Clamp
1 Test Tube Rack
1 Thermometer 110o C
1 Wash Bottle
2 Watch Glasses
1 Wire Gauze

3
Chemicals Required:
* means that this solution requires special preperation instructions, given in this manual.
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Acetic Acid 0.1M 8 50 ml
Acetic Acid 0.2M 5 10 mL
Acetic Acid 0.2M 23 25 ml
*Acetic Acid/Sodium Acetate 0.1M in each 23 20 ml
Acetone 100% 16 25 ml
28 10 ml
34 100 ml
Acetophenone 100% 4 6 ml
*Adipoyl Chloride in Cyclohexane 0.25M 34 4 ml
Aluminum foil 8 50 cm2
21 50 cm2
Aluminum Shot 1 Zero
12 Zero
Aluminum Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
*Ammonia -Ammonium chloride buffer 19 40 Drops
Ammonium Chloride 0.1M 23 25 ml
Ammonium Chloride 100% 12 3 g
6 3 g
24 3 g
Ammonium Hydroxide 0.1M 8 50 ml
23 25 ml
Ammonium Hydroxide 3.0M 26 10 ml
Ammonium Hydroxide 6.0M 9 10 ml
Ammonium Hydroxide Conc. 16 ?
Ammonium Oxalate 1.0M 9 ?
Ammonium Thiocyanate 100% 5 4 g
24 4 g
Antacid Tablet 23 1
Aspirin Tablet 33 1
Barium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Benzoic Acid 100% 18
Beral pipets 6, 28 2, 3
Bleach 30 20 ml
Boiling Chips 19 2
Borax 4% 34 5 ml
Boric Acid 100% 5 1 g
*Bromophenol Blue Indicator 35 3 Drops
*Bromothymol Blue Indicatior 21 10 Drops
*1:1:1 Butanol: Ethanol:Ammonia 16 40 ml
Calcium Acetate Saturated 5 2 ml
Calcium Chloride 0.1M 1 4 ml
Calcium Chloride 1.0M 2 10 ml
Calgon 19 15 g
Candle 1 1
6 1

4
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Capillary Tube (Sealed End) 3 3
Carbon 1 Zero
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate 0.1M 31 2 ml
Cerium(III) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
Cerium(IV) Sulfate 1 Zero
*Chromatography Paper Whatman #1 16 2
Chromium(III) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Cobalt(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Cobalt(II) Chloride 1.0M 16 1 ml
*Cobalt Chloride Test Papter 7 2 Pieces
Cobalt Nitrate Hexahydrate 14 2.18 g
Copper Foil Squares 1 cm2 10 5
31 2
Copper Foil Strips 1 cm X 10 cm 30 3
Copper Shot 1 Zero
Copper Shot 12 Zero
Copper Wire 7 1 Inch
8 2 cm
32 50 cm
34 10 cm
Copper(II) Acetate Monohydrate 28 1.6 g
Copper(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Copper(II) Hydroxide 100% 6 0.5 g
Copper(II) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
Copper(II) Salts 7 1.2 g
Copper(II) Sulfate 0.1M 1 Zero
6 3 ml
10 10 ml
26 20 ml
31 4 ml
Copper(II) Sulfate 1.0M 16 1 ml
27 1 Drop
32 140 ml
Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate 6 2 g
7 1.2 g
5 1 g
Copper(II) Sulfate Anhydrous 6 0.5 g
*1,6 Diaminohexane in 0.5M NaOH 34 4 ml
*Diphenylamine in Conc. H2SO4 1% 11 4 Drops
*EDTA, Disodium 0.00500M 19 25 ml
Elmers Glue 34 20 g
*Eriochrome Black T 19 4 drops
Ethanol 0.1M 8 25 ml
Ethanol, Denatured 95% 6 15 ml
16 27 ml
Fabrics 16
Felt Tip Pens 16

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5
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Filter Paper 5.5 cm 28 1
Filter Paper 12.5 cm 2 1
6 2
19 2
32 1
Food Coloring 1 1 Drop
Glass Rod 8 1
Glass Tubing 6 mm 1 1 meter
Glass Wool 5 1 g
Glucose 0.1M 8 25 ml
Glucose 80 g/liter 1 15 ml
Glycine 100% 28 1.3 g
Green Grass 16 10 g
Guar Gum 34 1 g
Hydrochloric Acid 0.001M 23 50 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 0.01M 23 25 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 0.1M 23 25 ml
30 150 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 0.1M Or 0.2M
Unknown Standard 23 50 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 0.5M Standard 35 15 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 1.0M 8 25 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 2.0M 12 50 mL
Hydrochloric Acid 3.0M 1 6 ml
6 2 ml
21 6 ml
29 4 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 6.0M 2 10 Drops
6 5 ml
5 10 ml
17 25 ml
16 7 ml
29 3 ml
30 20 ml
19 10 ml
Hydrochloric Acid 6.0M 21 5 ml
26 40 Drops
31 1 Drop
Hydrogen Peroxide 3% 5 50 ml
31 4 ml
Ice 2
4
18
29
Iodine 100% 1 Zero
100% 5 1.2
1x10 -4 M 25 25 ml

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6
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Iodine Water Saturated 16 5 ml
31 2 ml
Ion Exchange Resin H+ Form 19 15 g
Iron Filings 1 Zero
Iron (Steel Wool) 10 5 g
*Iron(III) Chloride 0.05M HCL 33 600 ml
*Iron(III) Chloride 0.1M 1 2 ml
Iron(III) Chloride 0.5M 16 1 ml
Iron(III) Chloride 100% 1 Zero
Iron(III) Nitrate 0.1M 10 10 ml
Iron(II) Sulfide 100% 26 Zero
Kerosene 100% 17 30 ml
Lauric Acid 100% 21 4 g
Lead Shot 1 Zero
12 Zero
Lead Chromate 100% 1 Zero
Lead Iodide 100% 1 Zero
Lead Nitrate 100% 1 Zero
Lithium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
9 5 ml
Lithium Chloride 100% 12 3 g
Lithium Sulfate 0.5M 9 10 ml
Magnesium Ribbon 1 Zero
5 2 cm
10 10 cm
31 2 cm
Magnesium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Magnesium Chloride 0.1M 26 20 ml
Magnesium Nitrate 0.1M 9 10 ml
Magnesium Sulfate 0.1M 5 5 ml
10 10 ml
Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate 5 4 g
9 10 ml
Maleic Acid 0.1M Or 0.2M 23 20 ml
Manganese 100% 6 7 g
Manganese(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Manganese(II) Chloride 1.0M 16 1 ml
Manganese Dioxide 100% 6 0.1 g
*Mercury(I) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
*Mercury(II) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
Methylene Blue 0.4 g/L 1 10 Drops
Methylene Blue 0.4 g/L 16 10 Drops
*Methyl Orange Indicator 21 10 Drops
35 3 Drops
Nickel Shot 12 Zero
Nickel(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero

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7
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Nitric Acid 2.0M 12 50 ml
Pencils 8 1
16 1
*pH 4 Buffer 23 25 ml
*pH 7 Buffer 23 25 ml
*Phenolphthalein Indicator 21 19 Drops
23 18 Drops
Phenylcarbonate 100% 3
Phosphorous, Red 100% 1 Zero
Plastic Strips 8 1
*Polyvinyl Alcohol 4% 34 5 ml
Potassium Acetate 100% 5 1 g
Potassium Biphthalate 100% 21 3.6 g
Potassium Bitartrate 100% 24 1 g
Potassium Bromide 0.1M 31 2 ml
Potassium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Potassium Chloride 0.2M 27 30 ml
Potassium Chloride 100% 24 1 g
Potassium Chromate 100% 1 Zero
Potassium Ferricyanide 0.1M 1 Zero
31 2 ml
Potassium Ferricyanide 1% 11 6 Drops
Potassium Ferrocyanide 0.1M 1 Zero
26 8 ml
Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihydrate 11 1.1 g
Potassium Hydroxide 64 g/L 1 15 ml
Potassium Hydroxide 3.0M 12 6 ml
Potassium Iodate 0.1M 31 2 ml
Potassium Iodide 2.00x10-3 M 25 15 ml
Potassium Iodide 0.1M 31 8 ml
Potassium Iodide 0.2M 27 230 ml
Potassium Iodide 0.5 M 25 10 ml
Potassium Iodide 100% 29 4.5 g
30 6 g
Potassium Nitrate 0.1M 1 2 ml
Potassium Nitrate 1.0M 32 20 ml
Potassium Permanganate 0.1M 1 Zero
*Potassium Persulfate 0.10M 24 230 ml
Potassium Phosphate 1.0M 9 10 ml
Potassium Sulfate 0.1M 27 30 ml
Potassium Thiocyanate 0.1M 1 2 ml
Potassium Thiocyanate 1.0M 26 15 ml
1 Propanol 100% 28 20 ml
*Rubber Rings 3 3
Sand 16 1 g
Silicon 100% 1 Zero

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8
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Silver Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
19 10 Drops
Sodium Acetate 0.1M 1 Zero
23 25 ml
Sodium Bicarbonate 0.1M 23 25 ml
Sodium Bromide 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Carbonate 0.1M 1 Zero
19 20 Drops
23 25 ml
Sodium Carbonate 1.0M 1 2 ml
2 10 ml
7 4 ml
9 10 ml
21 9 ml
Sodium Chlorate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Chloride 1 X 10-5 M 8 25 ml
Sodium Chloride 1 X 10-3 M 8 25 ml
Sodium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Chloride 0.1M 8 25 ml
9 5 ml
19 20 Drops
23 25 ml
Sodium Chloride 5% 4 Unknown
Sodium Chloride 10% 4 Unknown
Sodium Chloride 15% 4 Unknown
Sodium Chloride 20% 4 Unknown
Sodium Chloride Saturated 2 6 ml
Sodium Chromate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Dichromate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Hydroxide 0.1M 1 Zero
21 9 ml
23 25 ml
Sodium Hydroxide 0.2M Standard 22 100 ml from Exp21
23 100 ml from Exp21
35 100 ml from Exp21
Sodium Hydroxide 1.0M 12 50 mL
21 50 Drops
33 10 ml
Sodium Hydroxide 2.0M 12 100 mL
Sodium Hydroxide 3.0M 1 2 ml
7 7 ml
9 10 ml
21 6 ml
26 15 ml

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9
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Sodium Hydroxide 6.0M 7 10 ml
12 6 ml
Sodium Hydroxide Pellets 21 8 g
Sodium Iodate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Iodide 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
7 2 ml
Sodium Oxalate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Phosphate 0.1M 1 Zero
7 2 ml
26 12 ml
Sodium Salicylate 100% 33 0.4 g
Sodium Sulfate 0.01M 32 250 ml
Sodium Sulfate 0.1M 1 Zero
10 10 ml
Sodium Sulfate 1.0M 9 10 ml?
16 0.5 ml
Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate 5 1 g
Sodium Sulfite 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Thiocyanate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Thiosulfate 0.1M 1 Zero
Sodium Thiosulfate 1.0M 31 4 ml
Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate 29 8.2 g
*Sodium Thiosulfate/Starch 0.005M/0.4% 27 130 ml
*Solution 0.1M in Mg, Na, Li, Sr 9 1 ml
*Solution A 21 20 ml
*Solution B 21 10 ml
*Solution C 21 10 ml
*Solution A 34 10 ml
*Solution B 34 10 ml
*Solution C 34 10 ml
*Starch Indicator 0.4% 29 6 ml
30 12 ml
Steel Ball Bearings 12 10 g
Steel Wool 10 5 g
32 1 g
Strontium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
5 1 ml
9 10 ml
Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate 5 4 g
Strontium Hydroxide Octahydrate 6 7 g
Strontium Hydroxide Octahydrate 24 7 g
Sulfur 100% 1 Zero

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10
Chemical Description
Or Or
Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student
Sulfuric Acid 0.05M 30 70 ml
Sulfuric Acid 0.1M 8 50 ml
Sulfuric Acid 1.5M 9 15 ml
Sulfuric Acid 3.0M 7 2 ml
11 20 ml
Sulfuric Acid 3.0M 16 2 Drops
*Tin(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
*Tin(IV) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero
*Vanillin Crude 2 2 g
*Vinegar Unknown 22 15 ml
White Paper 11 1 Piece
Wood Splints 1 1
8 1
21 3
Zinc Shot 1 Zero
7 6 g
12 Zero
Zinc Ribbon 1 cm2 6 2
10 5
17 1 g
31 2
Zinc Ribbon 1X10 cm 32 1
Zinc 20 mesh granular 5 1.2
Zinc Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero
26 20 ml
Zinc Sulfate 0.1M 7 3 ml
5 5 ml
10 10 ml
31 4 ml
Zinc Sulfate 1.0M 29 36 ml
32 80 ml
Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate 5 4 g
Zinc tablets (50 mg) 11 1
* means that this solution requires special preperation instructions, given in this manual.

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Experiment 1 11
Experiment 1 - Early Explorations and Terminology
Chemicals And Supplies:
0.1M aluminum nitrate (demo), 0.1M barium chloride (demo), 0.1M calcium chloride (4 ml and
demo), candle (1), 0.1M cerium (III) nitrate (demo), cerium(IV) sulfate (demo), 0.1M chromium
(III) chloride (demo), 0.1M cobalt (II) chloride (demo), cobalt(II) nitrate (demo), cobalt(II) sulfate
(demo), 0.1M copper (II) chloride (demo), food coloring (1 drop), 6 mm glass tubing (1 meter), 80
g/L glucose (15 ml), 3.0M hydrochloric acid (6 ml), iodine (demo), 0.1M iron (III) chloride (2 ml
and demo), 0.1M lead (II) nitrate (demo), 0.1M lithium chloride (demo), magnesium ribbon
(demo), 0.1M magnesium chloride (demo), 0.1M manganese (II) chloride (demo), match (1), 0.1M
mercury (I) nitrate * (demo), 0.1M mercury (II) nitrate *(demo), 0.4 g/L methylene blue(10
drops), paper (preferably newspaper (1 sheet/student), 0.1M nickel (II) chloride (demo), 0.1M
potassium chloride (demo), 0.1M potassium ferricyanide (demo), 0.1M potassium ferrocyanide
(demo), 64 g/L potassium hydroxide (15 ml), 0.1M potassium nitrate (2 ml), 0.1M potassium
permanganate (demo), 0.1M potassium thiocyanate (2 ml), 0.1M silver nitrate (demo), 0.1M
sodium acetate (demo) 0.1M sodium bromide (demo), 0.1M sodium carbonate (2 ml and demo),
1.0M sodium carbonate (2 ml), 0.1M sodium chlorate (demo), 0.1M sodium chloride (demo),
0.1M sodium chromate (demo), solid sodium chromate (demo), 0.1M sodium dichromate (demo),
0.1M sodium hydroxide (demo), 3.0M sodium hydroxide (2 ml), 0.1M sodium iodate (demo),
0.1M sodium iodide (demo), 0.1M sodium nitrate (demo), 0.1M sodium oxalate (demo), 0.1M
sodium phosphate (demo), 0.1M sodium sulfate (demo), 0.1M sodium sulfite (demo), sodium
tetraborate (2.1 g), 0.1M sodium thiocyanate (demo), 0.1M sodium thiosulfate (demo), 0.1M
strontium chloride (demo), 0.1M tin (II) chloride (demo), 0.1M tin (IV) chloride (demo), wood
splints (1), 0.1M zinc nitrate (demo).
Equipment:
100 ml beaker, 150 ml beaker, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, flame spreader, 1 gas bottle, 100x20 mm
Petri dish, 50 ml graduated cylinder, molecular models, stir rod, 5-18 X 150 mm test tubes, wire
gauze.
General Instructions:
1 . Time: 4 hours
2 . Safety precautions
a. Burning wooden splints should be placed in fireproof recepticles.
b. Students should be warned that hot glass looks like cold glass. A student can
detect if a glass piece is still hot by holding his hand over it. Hot glass produces
warm convection currents. Students should place hot glass pieces on a wire
gauze to protect the lab bench.
c. There are several very toxic compounds students will be observing in this
experiment. These chemicals should be in sealed containers and labeled
"poison".

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Experiment 112
d. Thiocyanate ion reacts with oxidizing agents to produce a foul smelling volatile
compound (possibly thiocyanogen). Be certain that waste thiocyanate is not
disposed of in a sink or container where it might come into contact with
oxidizing agents. Thiocyanate ion is also supposed to decompose with heat or in
the presence of strong concentrated acids to produce poisonous hydrogen
cyanide. Precautions should also be taken against these possibilities.
e. 3M hydrochloric acid and 3M sodium hydroxide are somewhat corrosive.
f. Some demonstration chemicals used in this experiment (e.g. Ba, Hg) present
disposal problems. They should be stored from semester to semester (or quarter
to quarter) rather than disposed of.
3. Special chemicals and unknowns: (the mercury solutions are for demonstration
purposes only and should be stored for repeated use in sealed vials)
a. 0.1M mercury (I) nitrate is prepared by dissolving 56.2 grams of
Hg2(NO3)2▪2H2O in 200 ml of 6M nitric acid and diluting to a liter.
b. 0.1M mercury (II) nitrate is prepared by dissolving 32.4 grams of Hg(NO3)2 in
50 ml of 6M nitric acid and diluting to a liter.
c. There are no unknowns in this experiment.
4. Comments:
a. Chemicals for part I should be put in small sealed vials. They may
be stored and used again the following semester or quarter.
b. The blue color of the solution in the "mystery flask" (part J) slowly fades as the
glucose reduces the methylene blue to a colorless compound. When the mixture
is swirled, oxygen from the air reoxidizes the methylene blue and the blue color
returns. It may take several minutes for the color to fade initially. The
potassium hydroxide solution is necessary because the reaction takes place only
in base.
Prelaboratory Problems Solutions are in the Appendix.
Experiment 1 - Results and Discussion
A. The meniscus.
1. The meniscus between water and glass should be concave upward.
3. Why is water level higher near the glass than in the middle?

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Experiment 1 13
B. The candle flame.
3. Further observations:
a. beaker partially over burning candle - condensation of water on inside
b. stirring rod next to extinguished wick - slight deposit of wax
c. burning match approaching extinguished wick - candle reignites before
match reaches wick
4. Was your first explanation (question 2) correct or do you want to modify it or suggest a
new one? Explain your answer.
The paraffin vapor is burning. When the beaker is held over a burning candle, water
vapor collects on the inside. Paraffin collects on a stir rod held above the candle just
after it has been extinguished and the match reignites before the match reaches it..
D. Rate Of Mixing
1. Initial observations:
Initially in the cold water, the food color will fall to the bottom of the beaker
leaving a color trail. In the hot water mixing occurs very rapidly.
2. Observations about 1/2 hour later:
After 1/2 hour even the cold water solution should be approaching homogeneity.
3. When two aqueous solutions are introduced into the same container, is stirring
needed to achieve a homogeneous system? Explain your answer.
Yes, at low temperatures the mixing process is slow and if one solution is
denser than the other there is a tendency to form layesr.
4. How would you stir a solution freshly prepared in a volumetric flask?
By stoppering, inverting and swirling the flask several times.
E. Tearing Paper
The paper should tear rather straight in one direction and curve rapidly toward the
favored direction when the paper is torn at right angles. Apparently industrial
preparation of the paper leads to preferential alignment of the fibers or cellulose
polymers in one direction. Tearing it one direction then requires breaking of weaker
intermolecular forces while tearing in the other direction involves an attempt to break
intramolecular bonds.

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Experiment 114
F. Chemistry reference.
acetic acid formula C2H 3O 2 or HC2 H 3 O 2
b.p. 117.9 o
C m.p. 16.6 o C
TD Lo 1.47 mg/kg LD 50 3310 mg/kg
Meaning of TD Lo lowest published toxic dose
Meaning of LD 50 lethal dose to kill half the population
Household product(s) that contain acetic acid vinegar (about 5% acetic acid),
cleaning agents, pickle
preservative
H. Solutions.
1 –6. Both of the 0.05 g portions of sodium tetraborate decahydrate should dissolve
fairly readily. The additional 2 g will result in a saturated solution and most will
not dissolve until the solution is heated. The solid will dissolve upon heating
and slow cooling results in the formation of neat looking crystals.
I. Colors.
1. List the colored cations and their colors.
Ce3+ yellow
Cr 3+ green
Co 2+ red or pink
Cu 2+ blue
Fe3+ yellow
Ni 2+ green
2. Can you make any generalizations about color versus position in the periodic
chart?
Apparently color is only common among the transition metal ions.
3. List the colored anions and their colors.
CrO42- Yellow
Cr 2 O72- Orange
Fe(CN) 63- Yellow to orange
Fe(CN) 64- Light Yellow
MnO4- Magenta

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Solution Manual for Experiments in General Chemistry, 6th Edition

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