1
CHAPTER
1 The Microbial World and You
Global Edition
Learning Objectives Check Your Understanding
1-1 List several ways in which microbes
affect our lives.
Describe some of the destructive and beneficial
actions of microbes.
1-2 Define microbiome, normal microbiota,
and transient microbiota.
What percentage of all cells in the human body
are bacterial cells?
1-3 Recognize the system of scientific
nomenclature that uses two names: a
genus and a specific epithet.
Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet.
1-4 Differentiate the major characteristics of
each group of microorganisms.
Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?
Which are eukaryotes?
1-5 List the three domains. What are the three domains?
1-6 Explain the importance of observations
made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.
What is the cell theory?
1-7 Compare spontaneous generation and
biogenesis.
What evidence supported spontaneous
generation?
1-8 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
ogy made by Needham, Spallanzani,
Virchow, and Pasteur.
How was spontaneous generation disproved?
1-9 Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced
Lister and Koch.
Summarize in your own words the germ theory
of disease.
1-10 Identify the importance of Koch’s
postulates.
What is the importance of Koch’s postulates?
1-11 Identify the importance of Jenner’s
work.
What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?
1-12 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
ogy made by Ehrlich and Fleming.
What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?
1-13 Define bacteriology, mycology, parasit-
ology, immunology, and virology.
Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology,
immunology, and virology.
1-14 Explain the importance of microbial
genetics, molecular biology, and
genomics.
Differentiate microbial genetics, molecular
biology, and genomics.

2 INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE FOR MICROBIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION, GE, 13e
1-15 List at least four beneficial activities of
microorganisms.
Name two beneficial uses of bacteria.
1-16 Name two examples of biotechnology
that use recombinant DNA technology
and two examples that do not.
Differentiate biotechnology from recombinant
DNA technology.
1-17 Define resistance. Differentiate normal microbiota and infectious
disease.
1-18 Define biofilm. Why are biofilms important?
1-19 Define emerging infectious disease. What factors contribute to the emergence of an
infectious disease?
New in This Edition
• The resurgence in microbiology is highlighted in sections on the Second and Third
Golden Ages of Microbiology.
• The Emerging Infectious Diseases section has been updated.
• A discussion of normal microbiota and the human microbiome has been added.
Chapter Summary
Microbes in Our Lives (p. 28)
The Microbiome (pp. 28–29)
ASM 5.4: Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both
human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental
ways.
ASM 6.2: Microorganisms provide essential models that give us
fundamental knowledge about life processes.
1. Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called microorganisms.
2. Microorganisms are important in maintaining Earth’s ecological balance.
3. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the normal microbiota
or human microbiome. The normal microbiota are needed to maintain good health.
4. Some microorganisms are used to produce foods and chemicals.
5. Some microorganisms cause disease.
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
ASM 2.4: While microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, protozoa, and
algae) carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the
cellular properties are fundamentally different.
Nomenclature (p. 30)

CHAPTER 1 The Microbial World and You 3
1. In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is
assigned two names.
2. The two names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, both of which are underlined or
italicized.
Types of Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
3. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described
as prokaryotic.
4. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may
possess flagella.
5. Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition.
6. Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
7. Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
8. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, and yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus).
Most fungi are multicellular.
9. Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.
10. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes.
11. Protozoa obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
12. Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosyn-
thesis.
13. Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.
14. Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.
15. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An
envelope may surround the coat.
16. The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms,
collectively called helminths.
17. The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional
microbiological procedures.
Classification of Microorganisms (p. 32)
18. All organisms are classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Eukarya include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
A Brief History of Microbiology (pp. 32–40)
ASM 7.4: Ability to understand the relationship between science and
society
The First Observations (pp. 32–33)
1. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the
concept that all living things are composed of cells.
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe
microorganisms (1673).

4 INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE FOR MICROBIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION, GE, 13e
The Debate over Spontaneous Generation (pp. 33–35)
3. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that
living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
4. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are
able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
5. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated
nutrient broth (1745).
6. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s
results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
7. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from
preexisting cells (1858).
8. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered
proof of biogenesis (1861).
9. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and
medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.
The First Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 35–37)
10. The science of microbiology advanced rapidly between 1857 and 1914.
11. Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the
alcohol to acetic acid.
12. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic
beverages and milk.
13. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between
microorganisms and disease.
14. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to
control infections in humans (1860s).
15. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of
procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a
particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
16. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides
humans with immunity to smallpox.
17. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
18. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens,
from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.
The Second Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 37–40)
19. The Second Golden Age began with the discovery of penicillin’s effectiveness against
infections.
20. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the
laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit
the growth of other microorganisms).

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Solution Manual For Microbiology: An Introduction, 13th Edition

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