Solution Manual for Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, 2nd Edition

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MANUAL FOR
by
Practical Crime Scene
Processing and Investigation
Second Edition
Ross Gardner
TEXTBOOK GUIDE

iii
Table of Contents
Preface
Section 1- Chapter Support
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 2 Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 3 Actions of the Initial Responding Officer
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 4 Processing Methodology
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 5 Assessing the Scene
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 6 Crime Scene Photography
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers

iv
Chapter 7 Crime Scene Sketching and Mapping
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 8 Narrative Descriptions: Crime Scene Notes and Reports
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 9 Basic Skills for Crime Scene Processing
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 10 Shooting Scene Documentation and Reconstruction
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapters 11 Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in the Crime Scene
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapter 12 The Body as a Crime Scene
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapters 13 Special Scene Considerations
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
Chapters 14 The Role of Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction
Learning Objectives
Chapter Questions and Answers
Suggested Practical Exercises
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers

vi
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Learning Objectives
• Identify the purpose of crime scene processing.
• Identify the five basic objectives of policing.
• Identify and discuss which of these objectives affect crime scene investigation.
• Define and discuss what is meant by “the interpretive value of evidence”.
• Identify and discuss the five basic ingredients of good crime scene processing.
• Identify and provide an example of each of the three basic threats to crime scene
integrity.
• Discuss the importance of investigative ethics to the criminal justice system.
Chapter Questions and Answers
1. What is the basic goal of crime scene processing?
Answer: To recover physical evidence and document the scenes condition and
context in as pristine a condition as is possible.
2. The police utilize five basic objectives in seeking their goals of preventing crime
and disorder and protecting the life and liberty of their citizens. Which two of the
five objectives are more closely related to the crime scene investigation and why?
Answer: Crime repression and the protection of personal liberties. Police

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investigators are charged with establishing the truth in an effort to identify and
apprehend criminals. Their methods however must be consistent with the law.
3. Why is physical evidence more objective than testimonial evidence such as eye-
witness accounts?
Answer: Physical evidence will never lie. It can be misinterpreted,
misunderstood, but unlike testimonial evidence it is real and tangible. People
however, may testify with personal, criminal or unconscious agendas.
4. The interpretive value of evidence is a function of what?
Answer: The interpretive value of evidence is a function of time and the item’s
surroundings. It is the context in which we find the evidence.
5. Rynearson and Chisum identified five ways in which context manifests itself in
the crime scene, what are they?
Answer: Predictable effects, unpredictable effects, transitory effects, relational
detail and functional detail.
6. Bevel and Gardner defined four questions that the investigator should ask about
evidence, what are they?

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Answer: What is it? What function did it serve? What does it tell us about
timing and sequencing aspects? What interrelationships does it hold to other
evidence.
7. Describe and explain the forensic linkage triangle.
Answer: The forensic linkage triangle consists of the suspect(s), victim(s) and
scene(s). Physical evidence serves to connect or show a link between any two of
these components.
8. Any good crime scene examination requires five key ingredients, what are they?
Answer: The knowledge of what the crime scene technician is attempting to do.
The skills and tools necessary to do that. The application of a methodical
approach, combined with both flexibility and coordination between all parties
involved.
9. Describe and explain the three crime scene integrity issues which the investigator
considers.
Answer: The addition of material in the scene. This is the creation of post
incident artifacts, which if unrecognized may create false leads and conclusions.

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The destruction of material in the scene. This is the complete loss of an item’s
evidentiary value. The movement of material in the scene. This results in
changing the context in which we fid the evidence, resulting in false conclusions.
10. What is the standard that the investigator uses when pursuing a solution to crime
and why is this standard necessary?
Answer: The investigators goal is to investigate to a standard of beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Suggested Practical Exercises
1. Ethics in Forensics. Have students research the names Fred Zane and Joyce
Gilchrist on the Internet and then lead a discussion on the ethical issues related to
the controversy surrounding each individual.
2. Testimonial versus Physical Evidence. Have students look for examples from
local papers or national news in which physical evidence played a significant role
in refuting testimonial evidence. Discuss the cases in class to highlight the
differences between the two types of evidence.
3. Crime Scene Threats. Look for video examples from reality police television
shows where the crime scene is disturbed, then have students identify instances
where the three scene threats appear.

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x
From Crime Scene Processing and Investigation Workbook, by C. Ramirez and C. Parish-Fisher.
4. Exercise 1-1 CSI Effect
5. Exercise 1-2 Evaluating the Interpretive Value of Evidence.
Suggested Exam Questions and Answers
1. True or False? The analysis and evaluation of physical evidence is flawless when
compared to testimonial evidence.
Answer: False. Physical evidence does not lie, but it can be misinterpreted.
2. Fill in the blank. The interpretive value of evidence is a function of and
the item’s surroundings.
Answer: Time.
3. Multiple Choice. A stove burner that is on in a crime scene is an example of:
a. A predictable effect.
b. A functional detail.
c. A relational detail.
d. None of the above.
Answer: A functional detail.
4. Multiple Choice. The three scene integrity issues are:
a. Addition, destruction and loss of material in the scene.
b. Addition, destruction and movement of material in the scene.
c. Addition, creation of post incident artifacts and corruption of material in the
scene.
d. None of the above.
Answer: B. Addition, destruction and movement of material in the scene.
5. True of False. The only agenda a crime scene investigator has is the desire to
determine the truth regarding what transpired in the scene and who was involved.

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xi
Answer. True
6. True or False. An example of an unpredictable effect is the movement of a
weapon in the crime scene by a first responder, which remains unreported and
unrecognized by the crime scene team.
Answer: True.
7. True or False. Flexibility, as an ingredient of good crime scene examination
means the ability to confront odd or unique situations with novel ideas or to
handle contradictory and competing needs at the scene without reverting to mere
arbitrary compliance with a checklist.
Answer: True.
8. Multiple Choice. The forensic linkage triangle considers evidence in relation to
which of the following?
a. Suspect(s), victim(s) and motive(s).
b. Suspect(s), victim(s) and scene(s).
c. Scene(s), opportunity and motive(s).
d. None of the above.
Answer: B. Suspect(s), victim(s) and scene(s).
Essay Questions:
What master does the crime scene investigator serve and why is this so important to the
administration of justice?
Major Points:
• The crime scene investigator serves his community and has only one master, the
truth.
• If they allow other agendas to take precedence, then justice can become
subjective.
Describe the primary attributes that make physical evidence and testimonial evidence
different.
Major Points:

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xii
• No matter how well meaning it may be when offered, testimonial evidence is
based on perceptions by individuals.
• Perceptions can color the testimony without the individual knowing it.
• Individuals can also alter testimony with specific purpose.
• Physical evidence is tangible and real, no one can argue its existence.
• Physical evidence can certainly be misinterpreted, but because it is real, other can
view it, re-evaluate it and recognize associated interpretation issues.

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xiii
Chapter 2 – Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence
Learning Objectives
• Identify and discuss the major forensic evidence disciplines.
• Describe the differences between class and individual characteristic evidence.
• Define and give an example of mechanical fit.
• Describe the interrelationship and interdependency of crime scene processing and
forensic analysis at the crime laboratory.
Chapter Questions and Answers
1. Describe the differences between class and individual characteristics of evidence.
Answer: A class characteristic allows an item to be compared to a group of items
and either included or excluded from the group. An individual characteristic
allows an item to be compared to another item and excluded or identified as
having come from the item.
2. Of the available methods for DNA analysis, which is the best for individualization
in forensic work and why?
Answer: Small Tandem Repeats (STR). STR technology allows high
discrimination with small stains.

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xiv
3. Describe how tape is used to collect hair and fiber evidence at the crime scene.
Answer: The investigator removes a strip of wide tape, 8 -10 inches in length.
Using a repetitive dabbing motion, they collect loose fibers and hairs from a
surface by placing the adhesive side of the tape in contact with the surface.
4. When evaluating glass fractures for direction of force, which fragments can be
used in the evaluation?
Answer: Fragments associated to primary radial fractures found with in the inner
concentric fracture.
5. How is paint layering used to differentiate two paint samples, such as when
comparing a paint sample from a hit and run to a suspect vehicle?
Answer: The specific layers and sequence of paint, the depth of the layers (e.g.
various primers, color, clear coat layers) allow at the very least a class comparison
and in some instances may offer the opportunity for an individual comparison.
6. Comparison of soil samples is based on environmental variations from one
sample to the next. What are some of the most significant forms of environmental
variation?

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xv
Answer: Plant pollens allow the most significant form of environmental variation
for soil sample comparison.
7. How would evaluating crime scene evidence involving a pistol differ from that
involving a revolver?
Answer: The presence or absence of casings in and of itself may suggest the
nature of the weapon (pistol versus revolver), since pistols eject casings into the
scene and revolvers do not. The casings then provide additional information
pertaining to the nature of the weapon that fired them.
8. Rifling refers to what two manufactured components of a barrel?
Answers: The lands and grooves manufactured into the barrel of a rifle or
handgun are referred to as rifling.
9. How are bullets marked for evidence and why?
Answer: To prevent inadvertently damaging microscopic marks on the surface of
the bullet which might lead to individualization, bullet and bullet fragments are
not marked. They are containerized and the container marked.

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xvi
10. Of the two methods used to collect tool mark evidence (collection of the entire
item or casting of the mark) which is better and why?
Answer: Seizing the original evidence by either taking the item or by cutting the
area containing the tool mark is the best method of recovery. Casting of the mark
is a viable and functional method of recovery, but does not always result in
recovering all of the microscopic variations present in the tool mark.
11. What is the most significant class characteristic in shoe mark examinations and
why?
Answer: Tread design is the most significant class characteristic in shoe mark
examinations. The level of variation present from one shoe to the next is
significant. Databases exist from which the shoe mark examiner can often
identify not only the brand but in some cases the specific model of the shoe.
12. What containers are used to collect fire scene evidence, in which accelerants are
believed to be present?
Answer: Unlined clean paint cans and arson bags.
13. In terms of a forensic analysis, what is the difference between a forged writing
and a traced writing?

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