Solution Manual For The Basic Practice of Statistics, 8th Edition

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Chapter 0–Getting Started0.1 (a)More than likely, the individuals who chose to take vitamin E were more health-consciousin general than those who didn’tchoose to take it. The vitamin E takers may alsohave been more affluent (had money available to purchase the vitamins and, possibly, hadbetter health care generally).(b)In a randomized experiment, people of all types arerandomly assigned to the treatments. This means that poorer, less healthy people are inboth treatment groups, as are wealthier, healthier people.0.2Overall, most of this period (about 1940−1974) had falling gas prices. However,instances of rapid price increases also occurred: 1931−1932 (due to policies intended to“correct” the Depression), 1974−1975 (the Arab oil embargo), and 1979−1980 (Mideasttensions and the overthrow of the Shah of Iran). Interestingly, the start of World War II didnot correspond to a spike in prices (perhaps due to rationing), but an increase occurred inthe late 1940s, which could correspond to war veterans being able to purchase cars.0.3 (a)The proportion of Americans who feel this way is very likely much lower. The“survey” was one of voluntary response (people were not randomly selected but madetheir own decision about whetherto participate). Those who knew about the “poll” had justwatched Mr. Schultz’s“lengthy and impassioned”monologue and were primed to agreewith him.(b)As long as the poll was one of voluntary response, the sample size (868;2,500; or100,000) doesn’t matter; itis a biased sample and will not reflect the views ofpeople nationwide.0.4 (a)We can tell that the last three months of 2001 were unusual because the dots forthese months are at the top of the bars.(b)The terrorists themselves didn’t cause the fatalcrashes. After the attacks of 9/11, people (if they traveled at all) were reluctant to fly. Thus,if they really needed to travel (such as for Thanksgiving or Christmas), they traveled by car.With more car travel, car crashes occurred more often.

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