Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice Second Edition Test Bank

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1.The process of gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and controlled way usingtechniques and procedures that are accepted by other scientists in a discipline is commonlyreferred to as. . .A.SpeculationB.Counter-Intuitive Induction*C.ScienceD.Deductive Introspection@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and Concepts2.Proceduresusedby scientists to gather and analyze scientific data are referred to as what?*A.MethodsB.Modus OperandiC.Operational NoxD.Formation@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and Concepts3.A hypothesesisbest described as. . .A.Aset ofproposed and testable explanationsabout reality thatisbound together by logic andevidenceB.A law governing the coherence of social and criminal phenomenaC.A set of rules governing the application of statistical analytic techniques for examiningquantitative data*D.A single proposition, deduced from a theory,that must hold true in order for the theory itselfto be considered valid@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology4.Which of the terms below can best be described as a set of proposed and testable explanationsabout reality thatisbound together by logic and evidence?A.ValidityB.HypothesisC.Law*D.Theory@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology5.Studies intending to assess whetherpolicies,programs,or interventions are effectivearereferred to as what style of research?*A.EvaluationresearchB.Exploratoryresearch

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C.ConfoundingresearchD.Matriculationresearch@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology6.Asamplecan best be described as. . .A.The grouping of people, places, and objects used to generalize to the population*B.A subset pulled from a population with the goal of ultimately using the people, objects, orplaces in the sample as a way to generalize to the populationC.The entire set, or universe, of people, places, or objects used to generalize to a populationD.A techniqueusedby social science researchers in attempts to prove existing theoreticalpropositions true in the general population@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and Concepts7.In order to ensure that a sample mirrors the population from which it was drawn a scientistwould employ which type of sampling technique?A.QuotasamplingB.Purposivesampling*C.ProbabilitysamplingD.Snowballsampling@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology8.Despite suffering from a variety of problems,why is the NCVS considered so useful forresearch?A.The NCVS is actually not all that useful because it is replete with methodological errors.*B.The NCVS is useful due to the fact that it facilitates research into the characteristics of crimevictims.C.The NCVS is only useful because it contains files that are quite small and easy to interpret.D.The NCVS is not useful at all,but because it is so widely published,researchersmake use ofits limited information.@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.2: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)9.Two sources of actual, real-world data used in this text are. . .*A.UCR and NCVSB.MMPI and BJSC.ICPSR and MMPID.DSM and ICPSR@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Research Example 1.1: What Do Criminal Justice and CriminologyResearchers Study?10.Crimes reported within the Uniform Crime Report are sorted intoeightindex offenses.Which of the following represent those specific indices?A.Aggravatedmanslaughter, vehicular homicide, pedophilia, human trafficking, drugpossession, environmental offenses, piracy,andinfanticideB.Terroristicassault, hate crimes, murder, manslaughter, infanticide, patricide, drug offenses,andsuicideC.Pedophilia, necrophilia, kidnapping, white collar crime, airline hijacking, human trafficking,drug trafficking,andtraffic offenses*D.Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, andarson@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.1: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)11.The organization that is responsible for the collection of data for the Uniform Crime Reportsis the. . .*A.Federal Bureau of InvestigationB.Central Intelligence AgencyC.American UniversityD.Bureau of Justice Statistics@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.1: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)12.The Uniform Crime Reports conform to the“hierarchy rule,”meaning what?*A.In multiple-crime incidents,only the most serious offense is reportedto the UCR.B.In multiple-crime incidents,every offense is recorded in official records.C.In multiple-crime incidents,each crime is reported,but the most serious offense is listed first.D.In all criminal incidents,larger metropolitan law enforcement organizations are givenprominence with crimes committed in rural areas listed in special indices of the UCR.@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.1: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)13.The most obvious weakness of the Uniform Crime Report rests on what?A.The fact that rural crime is too often relegated to lower ranking indices*B.The fact that only those crimesbrought to the attention of the police are included in thedatabaseC.The fact that the continued use of multistage cluster sampling prevents serious analysis at theindividual case levelD.The fact that the vast majority of data collected and included in the UCR is relegated for useby specially designated federal agents only@ Question type:MC

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Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.1: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)14.The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted by which agency?A.The Federal Bureau of InvestigationB.The Central Intelligence Agency*C.The Bureau of the CensusD.The Inter-University Consortium on Political and Social Research@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.2: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)15.GIGO, an acronym commonly used in both computer science and the discipline of statistics,is used to represent what phrase?A.Gig In Gig OutB.Going In Going OutC.Gang In Gang Out*D.Garbage In Garbage Out@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and Concepts16.Research that does not set out to test a theoryor explore a new area of researchbut proposesto simply report characteristics or aspects of a given phenomenon is referred to as what type ofresearch?A.Evaluationresearch*B.DescriptiveresearchC.ExpositionalresearchD.Neo-Investigativeresearch@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology17.A sampling technique in which all people, objects, or areas included within a population havean equal and known chance of being selected for inclusion into a sample is known as what typeof sampling procedure?A.PurposivesamplingB.Snowballsampling*C.ProbabilitysamplingD.Multistage Clustersampling@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology18.Which of the following are commonly used statistical packages in the criminal justicesciences?

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*A.SPSS, STATA, SASB.Numbers, Microsoft ExcelC.Run, SigmaPlot, Do, ESRID.ADMB, CJEstat, DataPlot@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Software Packages for Statistical Analysis19.Data that are collected improperly or carelessly can be salvaged through which procedure?*A.Improperly collected data cannot be salvaged by high powered statistical operations.B.The best method to salvage bad data is through data mining.C.Negative binomial regression can render even the worst data useful.D.Data imputation can solve all problems associated with bad or“dirty”data.@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and Concepts20.Measures of ________ complement measures of central tendency by offering informationabout whether the data tend to cluster tightly around the center or whether they are very spreadout.A.statisticsB.regressionC.sampling*D.dispersion@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Organization of the Book21.With the exception of purely descriptive research, the ultimate goal in most statisticalanalyses is do what?A.Test a hypothesisB.Generalize from a population to a sample*C.Generalize from a sample to a populationD.Test a theory@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology22.Nonscientific information is that which is collectedA.InformallyB.Without regard for correct methodsC.Anecdotally*D.All of the Above@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and Concepts

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23.What is the Bureau of Justice Statistics responsible for?A.Evaluating other federal agencies’ use of statistics*B.Gathering, maintaining, and analyzing data on various criminal justice topics at the county,state, and national levels.C.Calculating statistics for the government to determine public opinion on political mattersD.All of theabove@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Research Example 1.1: What Do Criminal Justice and CriminologyResearchers Study?24.Everybody who conducts a study bears an obligation to*A.Be very clear and open about the methods they usedB.Provide brief outlines on the procedures usedC.Conform to at least some of the proper scientific methodsD.All of theabove@ Question type:MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and Concepts25.Before a theory can be considered valid,it is first necessary that the hypothesis upon whichit is built holdstrue.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology26.A key aspect of scientific research is replication, conducted for purposes of determiningwhether the original study’s results are reproduced when different samples are used.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and Concepts27.According to the scientific method,it is vital to the integrity of a discipline thata researchermaintainsstrict secrecy with respect to the methods, samples, and techniques used in the analysisof data within any particular study.a.True*b. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsFeedback: The scientific method requires researchers to be open and transparent regarding the

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methods they use to collect and analyze data.28.Evaluation research is rarely conducted within the fields of criminal justice or criminologydue to its inherent tendency to produce unreliable and often invalid results.a.True*b. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and CriminologyFeedback: When sound methods are used, evaluation research can produce reliable and validresults.29.Research conducted by social scientists treading into unfamiliar territory when there islimited knowledge regarding a certain phenomenon is referred to as“exploratory”research.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology30.In most statistical analyses,the underlying purpose is to generalize from a population to asample in order to provide the social science community with the best fitting data and results.a.True*b. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and CriminologyFeedback: Generalizations are made from samples to populations, not the other way around.31.The most highly prized statistical package used by researchers in the social sciences isMicrosoft Excel due to its ability to perform high powered analytic procedures quickly andefficiently.a.True*b. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Software Packages for Statistical AnalysisFeedback: More sophisticated software packages like SPSS are preferred over Excel for mostpurposes.32.Learning statistics is a cumulative process because the concepts build upon each other, withthe more basic analyses providing building blocks for the more complex ones.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location:Organization of the Book33.In order to be a successful student of statistics,a strong base of knowledge in arithmetic andbasic algebra is necessary.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Organization of the Book34.Statistical methods are the backbone of criminal justice research andenable the constructionand expansion of knowledge about criminality and the criminal justice system.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Introduction to the Use of Statistics in Criminal Justice and Criminology35.The Bureau of Justice Statistics isan important source of data and information on thecriminal justice system.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Research Example 1.1: What Do Criminal Justice and CriminologyResearchers Study?36.Research that tests theories or examines issues related to criminal justice and is ultimatelypublished in academic journals and books is the basis for most of what is known about criminaloffending and the justice system.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Introduction to the Use of Statistics in Criminal Justice and Criminology37. It is better to rely on the personal opinions and observations of people who have workedwithin the criminal justice system for a long time than on data gathered using scientific methodsand analyzed with statistics.a.True*b. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsFeedback: Anecdotal evidence (opinions and personal observations) can be useful andinformative, but scientific data is a more reliable source of information and is preferable to

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anecdotes.38. Science is grounded in theory.a.True*b. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsFeedback: Science is grounded in methods.39.A hypothesis must hold true in order for the theory itself to be considered valid.*a.Trueb. False@ Question type:TFCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and CriminologyType: F40._______________ occurs when there is limited knowledge about a certain phenomenon andresearchers embark into unfamiliar territory as they attempt to study this social event.*a. Answer:ExploratoryresearchQuestionType: FCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and CriminologyType: F41.The ________ contain annual data collected by the federal government on crimes reported topolice agencies nationwide.*a. Answer:The Uniform Crime Reports(UCR)QuestionType: FCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Data Sources 1.1: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)Type: F42._____________ is repetition of a particular study that is conducted for purposes ofdetermining whether the original study’s results remain true when new samples or measures areemployed.*a. Answer:ReplicationQuestionType: FCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsType: F43.A _________ is a subset pulled from a population with the goal of using the people, objects,or places to make generalizations to that population.*a. Answer:Sample

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QuestionType: FCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsType: F44.__________ are proposed explanations for certain events.*a. Answer:TheoriesQuestionType: FCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and CriminologyType: E45.What is the relationship between science and methods?*a. Answer:Science is the process of gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and controlledmanner using procedures and techniques that are generally accepted by others in a discipline.Methods are those procedures that are used in the task of gathering the desired data.QuestionType: ECognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsType: E46.List the four types of research discussed in this chapter.*a. Answer:The four typesof research discussed in this chapterare hypothesis testing,evaluation research,exploratory research,and descriptive research.QuestionType: ECognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and CriminologyType: E47. What populations are excluded from the NCVS?*a. Answer:Children younger than 12 years of age, institutionalized populations, and thehomeless.QuestionType: ECognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Data Sources 1.2: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)Type: E48.Describe the various problems afflicting the Uniform Crime Reports.*a. Answer:(1)The UCR only includes those crime that have been brought to the attention ofthe police.Crimes that fail to be reported or are not detected by the police are not included in theUCR database.(2)The UCR conforms to the hierarchy rule, meaning that in instances in whichmultiple crimes are perpetrated,only the most serious offense is reported in the database;therefore, many criminal offenses are not included in the federal crime data.(3)Underreportingof crime by victims, combined with the hierarchy rule,is evidence that the UCR undercounts thetrue amount of crime that has actually occurred.Question type:ESS

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Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Data Sources 1.1: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)Type: E49.Explain briefly why replication is vital to scientific inquiry. Include in your answer anexplanation of the role that clarity and transparency of methods plays in replication.*a. Answer:Due to the fact that scientific studies within the social sciences never actually proveanything,a good amount of additional study is necessary to provide ample evidence that resultsobtained are generalizable, valid,and reliable.Firm conclusions can only be drawn oncesubsequent studies have verified results obtained in previous research endeavors.Full replicationof scientific studies is possible through the scientific method’s requirement that researchers fullydivulge the methods and proceduresusedin their studies.Question type:ESSCognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Science: Basic Terms and ConceptsType: E50.What are the differences between theories and hypotheses?*a. Answer:A theory is defined as a set of proposed and testable explanations about reality thatisbound together by logic and evidence.A hypothesis is defined as a single proposition deducedfrom a theory that must hold true in order for the theory itself to be considered valid.Hypothesescan be understood as small bits of theories that must be true in order for the entire theory to holdup under scrutiny.In addition, one might envision a theory as a chain with the hypothesesforming the links of that chain.A theory is broad, whereas a hypothesis is a smaller entity.Question type:ESSCognitive Domain: Comprehension;ApplicationAnswer Location:Types of Scientific Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology

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1.Aconstantis best defined as. . .*A.A characteristic that assumesonly one value in a sampleB.A characteristic whose values vary over categoriesC.A multiple-regression technique used to determine causalityD.A binomial characteristic whose value alters with respect to specific categorization@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Introduction: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement2.Which of the following is defined as a characteristic that takes on multiple values in a sampleor population?A.A constant*B.A variableC.AdistributionD.A skew@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Introduction: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement3.A professoris undertaking a longitudinal research project into the criminal behavior of Irishwomen residing in Chicago.In this exampleIrish Womenwould be an example of which of thefollowing?A.AccioanalyticunitB.StandarddeviationunitC.Aconstantvariable*D.Unit ofanalysis@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: Comprehension, ApplicationAnswer Location:Units of Analysis4.A factor that is used to try to explain or predict a dependent variable is referred to as what instatistics and research?A.An empirical variableB.A skewed variable*C.An independent variableD.An effectual variable@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Independent and Dependent Variables5.Which level of measurement is the most basic and least descriptive?A.OrdinalB.RatioC.Interval*D.Nominal@ Question type: MC

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Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Levels of Measurement6.Which of the following lists the levels of measurement in statistics?A.Categorical andordinalB.Categorical,ordinal, andquantitative*C.Nominal,ordinal,interval, andratioD.Nominal,categorical,frequency, andempirical@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Levels of Measurement7.A ruler could be described as which type of level of measurement?*A.IntervalB.CategoricalC.NominalD.Ratio@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:The Continuous Level of Measurement: Interval and Ratio Variables8.A researcherhas collected data for her most recent study into criminal incidents in rural areas.She has one variable that has a ranked characteristic.This variable would be described asbelonging to what level of measurement?*A.OrdinalB.BinomialC.NominalD.Ratio@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: Comprehension, ApplicationAnswer Location:The Categorical Level of Measurement: Nominal and Ordinal Variables9.Forastudy into rural crime,a researcherhas a good amount of descriptive data.One variableis a basic demographic data point indicating a subject’sracial/ethnicorigin.This variable iscomposed of classifications indicatingHispanic,Caucasian,PacificIslander, andAfrican-American.What type of data is this variable?A.Ratio*B.CategoricalC.ContinuousD.Binomial@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: Comprehension, ApplicationAnswer Location:The Categorical Level of Measurement: Nominal and Ordinal Variables

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10.What study is conducted by the Bureau of Justice statistics as a supplement to the NationalCrime Victimization Survey in which respondents are asked questions regarding recentexperiences with police?*A.The Police-Public Contact SurveyB.The National Law Enforcement Quality SurveyC.The General Social SurveyD.The National Police Survey@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Data Sources 2.1: The Police-Public Contact Survey11.What is the Department of Justice’s data repository?A.The Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)B.The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs (OJJDP)C.The Library of Congress*D.The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Data Sources 2.3: The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)12.The only level of data that contains a TRUE zero is _________.A.intervalB.nominal*C.ratioD.categorical@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:The Continuous Level of Measurement: Interval and Ratio Variables13. The level of measurement that is numeric, rank-orderable, and has equal intervals betweenadjacent points but that does not have a true zero is_________.A.nominalB.ratio*C.intervalD.ordinal@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:The Continuous Level of Measurement: Interval and Ratio Variables14.Which of the following words describes a phenomenon that is measured, observed, ortangible?*A.EmpiricalB.IndependentC.DependentD.Didactic@ Question type: MC

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Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Independent and Dependent Variables15.A researcherhas started analyzing data inaproject investigatingurbancrime.Unbeknownsttohim, hehas inadvertently omitted one very important variable that would have explainedthedependent variablevery well.What error has been committed in this study?A.EliminatedvariabledilemmaB.EcologicalfallacyC.There has been no error asthe researcherwill simply manipulate the data and arrive atmeaningful results*D.Omittedvariablebias@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: Comprehension, ApplicationAnswer Location:Relationships between Variables: A Cautionary Note16.The results of a study on police use of conducted energy devices(CED.indicated that policewere more to likely to use CEDs for what race of suspects?A.BlacksB.Whites*C.HispanicsD.There was no difference in suspects’ race for CED deployment@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Research Example 2.1: Choosing Variables for a Study on Police Use ofConductive Energy Devices17.Categorical variables are generally divided into two distinct types.What are the two types?A.Categoricalanddiscrete*B.NominalandordinalC.NominalandcategoricalD.Intervaland ratio@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Levels of Measurement18.Continuous variables are generally divided into two types.What are the two types?*A.CategoricalanddiscreteB.NominalandordinalC.NominalandcategoricalD.Intervalandratio@ Question type: MCCognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:Levels of Measurement19.The General Social Survey (GSS) is one of the most important sociological questionnairesproctored.The GSS is conducted by which organization?

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